Table 1.
The altered proteins when CSPC progression to CRPC.
| Protein | Matrix | Alteration in CRPC | Proteomic technologies | Function | Clinical association | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PARP-2 | Tissue | Increased | IHC | Promotes AR-positive CRPC growth | (9) | |
| SFK | Tissue | Increased | IHC | Promotes CRPC proliferation and metastasis | Prognostic marker | (10) |
| SEMA3C | Tissue | Increased | IHC | Promotes CRPC growth | Therapeutic target | (11, 12) |
| RNF6 | Tissue | Increased | IHC | Promotes CRPC growth | (13) | |
| AR-V7 | Tissue | Increased | IHC | Promotes CRPC growth and metastasis | Prognostic/predictive/diagnostic marker, therapeutic target | (14–18) |
| YAP1 | Tissue | Increased | IHC | Promotes CRPC growth, invasion and FFA production | Therapeutic target | (19, 20) |
| PAK2 | Tissue | Increased | IHC | Promotes CRPC growth and invasion | Therapeutic target | (19) |
| ERG | Tissue | Decreased | IHC | Therapeutic target | (21, 22) | |
| ACTN4 | Cell lines | Increased | WB | Promotes CRPC growth and invasion | Therapeutic target | (8, 23) |
| TBLR1 | Cell lines | Decreased | WB | Therapeutic target | (24) | |
| MDR1 | Cell lines | WB | Therapeutic target | (25, 26) | ||
| p66Shc | Cell lines | Increased | WB | Promotes CRPC growth and metastasis | (27, 28) | |
| VCL | Cell lines | Increased | LC-MS/MS | Therapeutic target | (29, 30) | |
| FLNC | Cell lines | Increased | Therapeutic target | |||
| EpCAM | Cell lines | Decreased | LC-MS/MS, WB | Promotes CRPC growth and invasion | Therapeutic target | (31, 32) |
| caspase 3 | Cell lines | Decreased | Therapeutic target | |||
| vimentin | Cell lines | Increased | Therapeutic target | |||
| catalase | Cell lines | Increased | Therapeutic target | |||
| BDH1 | Cell lines | Increased | MS | Prognostic/diagnostic marker | (33, 34) | |
| HMGCL | Cell lines | Increased | Prognostic/diagnostic marker | |||
| HMGCS2 | Cell lines | Increased | Prognostic/diagnostic marker | |||
| ACAT1 | Cell lines | Increased | Prognostic/diagnostic marker | |||
| OXCT1 | Cell lines | Increased | Prognostic/diagnostic marker | |||
| FUT8 | Cell lines | Increased | LC-MS/MS | Promotes CRPC growth and metastasis | (7, 35, 36) | |
| Dicer | Cell lines | Increased | LC-MS/MS | (37) | ||
| ASPH | Cell lines | Increased | WB, IHC, MS | Promotes CRPC growth and invasion | Prognostic marker | (38, 39) |
| hnRNP U | Cell lines | Increased | ||||
| RKIP | Cell lines | Decreased | ||||
| DECR1 | Cell lines | Increased | MS | Promotes CRPC growth and inhibits lipid metabolism | Prognostic marker | (6) |
| TIMP-1 | Serum | Increased | ELISA | (40) | ||
| IL-4 | Serum | Increased | ELISA | (41) | ||
| IL-6 | Serum | Increased | ||||
| IL-10 | Serum | Increased |
IHC, immunohistochemistry; CRPC, castration-resistant prostate cancer; AR, androgen receptor; FFA, free fatty acids; WB, western blotting; LC, Liqui Chromatography; MS, Mass Spectrometer; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.