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. 2022 Jun 10;14:851257. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.851257

TABLE 2.

The therapeutic effect of western medicine on spinal cord injury.

Medicine Model Result Mechanism References
Liponin A4 Rats p-Akt, Nrf2, and HO-1 expression↑ Activate the Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway Lu T. et al., 2018
Hydrogen sulfide Rats Decreased release of cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and HMGB1 in spinal cord microglia Activate Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway Chen et al., 2019
Hydrogen sulfide Rats NQO-1 and HO-1 expression↑ NaHS activates the Nrf2 signaling molecule, increases the nuclear translocation of Nrf2, and activates the transcription of downstream target genes Xu et al., 2021
Aspirin Rats Nrf2, quinine oxidoreductase 1 and HO-1 expression↑, TNF-α, IL-6 expression↓ Activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway inhibits the activation and apoptosis of astrocytes after SCI Wei et al., 2018
Dexmedetomidine Rats IL-1, IL-6, and TNF↓, MDA activity↓ SOD activity↑, Nrf2, and HO-1↑ Activate Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway Luo et al., 2020
Imatinib Rats IL-6, TNF-α and ROS↓, SOD↑ Activate the Nrf2/HO-1 signal pathway Liu et al., 2020
Zinc Rats ROS and malondialdehyde↓, SOD activity↑, GSH-Px↑, ROS and malondialdehyde↓, SOD activity↑, GSH-Px↑, Nrf2 and Ho-1↑, nlrp3 expression↓ Activates the Nrf2/Ho-1 signal pathway Li et al., 2020
Lithium Rats The expression of Nrf2 and HO-1↑ Activates the Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1 pathway to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects Zhao et al., 2022
Tetramethylpyrazine Rats The expression of IL-1b, TNF-α, IL-18↓ reduces the permeability of the blood-spinal cord barrier Activate Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway Wang et al., 2016
Probucol Rats Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1↑, inflammatory factors, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α↓ Activate the Nrf2/ARE signal pathway Yamashita and Matsuzawa, 2009
Riluzole Rats The expression of GFAP and NF-H↓ Activate the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway Zhou et al., 2017
Methane-rich saline Rats HO-1, SOD, catalase and GSH↑, glutathione disulfide, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and 3-nitrotyrosine↓ Activate Nrf2 signaling pathway Zhou et al., 2018
Metformin Rats Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1↑ Activate the Nrf2/ARE signal pathway Wu et al., 2021
Erythropoietin Rats Nrf2, NQO1↑, and glutathione transferase activity↑ Activate the Nrf2 signal pathway Wang et al., 2020
Lipopolysaccharide Rats The expression of Nrf2, p-PI3K/PI3K and p-Akt/Akt↑, nuclear translocation of Nrf2↑ Activates the PI3K-Akt-Nrf2 signaling pathway Longhi et al., 2011
2-(-2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline Rats Nrf2 and HO-1↑ Activate the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway Li et al., 2013
Morin Rats Nrf2 and HO-1↑ Activate the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway Jin H. et al., 2021
Valproic acid Rats Nrf2 and Bcl-2 gene expression↓ Improve the motor function of the rat contusion model by changing the Mst1, Bcl-2, and Nrf2 gene expression Lin et al., 2019
Maltol Rats Nrf2↑ Pink1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in PC12 cells↑ Activate the Nrf2/Pink1/Parkin Pathway Mao et al., 2022