TABLE 5.
Dimensions means by sex, loss of loved ones, COVID-19 status, psychological care-seeking groups, F, df, p-values, from the multi-variate analyses, and Cohen’s d effect size from invariance measurement.
| Dimension | Men |
Women |
ANOVA |
Cohen’s d | |||
| M | SD | M | SD | F (1, 27,318) | p< | ||
| Intrusion | 31.56 | 27.41 | 38.09 | 27.95 | 333.52 | 0.001 | −0.263 |
| Avoidance | 24.05 | 23.77 | 29.22 | 24.76 | 270.01 | 0.001 | −0.270 |
| Numbing | 42.66 | 31.35 | 48.84 | 30.38 | 244.56 | 0.001 | −0.282 |
| Hyperactivation | 43.93 | 32.82 | 54.52 | 31.99 | 650.52 | 0.001 | −0.364 |
| Depression | 35.84 | 31.13 | 44.70 | 31.53 | 481.74 | 0.001 | −0.318 |
| Gen. anxiety | 42.34 | 34.44 | 53.42 | 33.57 | 646.69 | 0.001 | −0.341 |
| Health anxiety | 36.61 | 31.14 | 42.78 | 31.60 | 232.27 | 0.001 | −0.169 |
| Somatization | 28.02 | 24.35 | 29.50 | 24.40 | 22.30 | 0.001 | −0.064 |
|
| |||||||
| Dimension |
Non-loss of loved one
|
Loss of loved one
|
ANOVA
|
Cohen’s d | |||
| M | SD | M | SD | F (1, 36,809) | p-value | ||
|
| |||||||
| Intrusion | 32.96 | 27.07 | 45.84 | 28.53 | 1070.08 | 0.001 | −0.492 |
| Avoidance | 25.81 | 24.11 | 33.19 | 25.18 | 445.61 | 0.001 | −0.321 |
| Numbing | 44.93 | 30.96 | 53.02 | 29.61 | 338.04 | 0.001 | −0.261 |
| Hyperactivation | 49.46 | 32.95 | 56.24 | 31.06 | 211.13 | 0.001 | −0.219 |
| Depression | 40.67 | 31.98 | 45.46 | 30.35 | 111.20 | 0.001 | −0.186 |
| Gen. anxiety | 47.76 | 34.41 | 56.41 | 32.87 | 312.4 | 0.001 | −0.249 |
| Health anxiety | 38.46 | 31.21 | 48.36 | 31.61 | 485.68 | 0.001 | −0.324 |
| Somatization | 27.31 | 23.57 | 34.68 | 26.17 | 449.82 | 0.001 | −0.333 |
|
| |||||||
| Dimension |
Non-COVID-19 status
|
COVID-19 status
|
ANOVA
|
Cohen’s d | |||
| M | SD | M | SD | F (1, 36,809) | p-value | ||
|
| |||||||
| Intrusion | 32.73 | 26.71 | 50.24 | 28.82 | 1704.44 | 0.001 | −0.658 |
| Avoidance | 25.79 | 23.91 | 35.19 | 25.92 | 612.18 | 0.001 | −0.397 |
| Numbing | 45.24 | 30.94 | 53.76 | 29.43 | 315.51 | 0.001 | −0.274 |
| Hyperactivation | 49.38 | 32.91 | 58.35 | 30.37 | 312.29 | 0.001 | −0.260 |
| Depression | 40.71 | 31.95 | 46.54 | 29.97 | 139.27 | 0.001 | −0.234 |
| Gen. anxiety | 47.38 | 34.25 | 60.38 | 32.22 | 601.81 | 0.001 | −0.388 |
| Health anxiety | 37.50 | 30.70 | 55.22 | 31.38 | 1351.36 | 0.001 | −0.576 |
| Somatization | 26.87 | 23.28 | 38.55 | 26.81 | 970.11 | 0.001 | −0.514 |
|
| |||||||
| Dimension |
Non-psychological care-seeking
|
Psychological care-seeking
|
ANOVA
|
Cohen’s d | |||
| M | SD | M | SD | F (1, 36,809) | p-value | ||
|
| |||||||
| Intrusion | 34.35 | 27.54 | 42.99 | 28.61 | 398.23 | 0.001 | −0.307 |
| Avoidance | 26.43 | 24.11 | 32.29 | 25.93 | 235.18 | 0.001 | −0.253 |
| Numbing | 43.63 | 30.62 | 60.87 | 27.74 | 1344.86 | 0.001 | −0.613 |
| Hyperactivation | 47.01 | 32.46 | 68.84 | 27.05 | 1965.333 | 0.001 | −0.807 |
| Depression | 37.28 | 30.68 | 61.71 | 28.11 | 2678.83 | 0.001 | −0.852 |
| Gen. anxiety | 45.28 | 33.88 | 69.64 | 28.34 | 2243.46 | 0.001 | −0.823 |
| Health anxiety | 38.30 | 31.18 | 51.58 | 31.06 | 744.32 | 0.001 | −0.449 |
| Somatization | 27.96 | 24.16 | 33.69 | 24.85 | 227.87 | 0.001 | −0.272 |
|
| |||||||
| Dimension |
Total
|
||||||
| M | SD | ||||||
|
| |||||||
| Intrusion | 35.94 | 27.94 | |||||
| Avoidance | 27.51 | 24.56 | |||||
| Numbing | 46.80 | 30.84 | |||||
| Hyperactivation | 51.03 | 32.65 | |||||
| Depression | 41.78 | 31.67 | |||||
| Gen. anxiety | 49.76 | 34.26 | |||||
| Health anxiety | 40.74 | 31.58 | |||||
| Somatization | 29.01 | 24.39 | |||||