TABLE 1.
Demographic characteristics of the participants.
| MDD (n = 85) | BD (n = 42) | SZ (n = 70) | HC (n = 95) | F/χ2-values | P-values | |
| Male (%) | 40.0 | 54.8 | 44.3 | 49.5 | 1.09 | 0.350 |
| Age (years) | 32.44 (8.79) | 32.88 (8.79) | 28.40 (4.92)a | 30.21 (6.85) | 5.15 | 0.002* |
| Education (years) | 11.5 (3.60) (n = 84) |
10.5 (3.83) (n = 40) |
11.48 (2.76) (n = 64) |
13.80 (2.88) (n = 94) |
13.89 | <0.001 |
| Age of onset (years) | 29.18 (9.32) (n = 84) |
26.25 (8.88) (n = 40) |
24.54 (4.86) (n = 64) |
N/A | 6.61 | 0.002 |
| Medication (Yes/No) | 66/19 | 37/5 | 44/26 | N/A | 9.55 | 0.008 |
| Antipsychotics (Yes) | 5 | 24 | 44 | N/A | 62.66 | <0.001 |
| Antidepressants (Yes) | 64 | 15 | 0 | N/A | 91.03 | <0.001 |
| Mood stabilizer | 1 | 24 | 0 | N/A | 95.25 | <0.001 |
| Duration of illness (months) | 40.81 (55.87) (n = 84) |
77.10 (77.16) (n = 40) |
43.26 (43.28) (n = 64) |
N/A | 5.89 | 0.003 |
| Digit symbol | 48.56 (13.40) (n = 81) |
47.53 (15.25) (n = 40) |
38.18 (10.47) (n = 57) |
62.31 (11.92) (n = 94) |
11.6 | <0.001 |
| BDI | 18.60 (7.66) (n = 68) |
9.95 (11.71) (n = 40) |
N/A | N/A | 21.55 | <0.001 |
| BAI | 42.83 (11.41) (n = 48) |
31.85 (13.75) (n = 39) |
N/A | N/A | 16.59 | <0.001 |
| PANSS total | N/A | N/A | 78.5 (18.15) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| PANSS positive | N/A | N/A | 22.74 (3.75) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| PANSS negative | N/A | N/A | 19.86 (5.29) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Values are mean (SD) unless otherwise indicated.
BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; BD, bipolar disorder; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; HC, healthy control; MDD, major depressive disorder; N/A, not applicable; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; SZ, schizophrenia.
*SZ had significantly younger age in years than BD and MDD. No significant differences were found in age or gender between three mental disorders (MDD, BD, and SZ) and HC.