Table. Study Participant Characteristics by Sex and Age.
| Characteristic | Participants | OR (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boys (n = 216) | Girls (n = 160) | Total (n = 376) | Sex (female vs male) | Age (per-year increase) | |
| Demographic | |||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 16.7 (2.0) | 16.0 (2.0) | 16.4 (2.0) | NA | NA |
| Education level, No. (%)a | |||||
| Grade 7 | 14 (6.5) | 24 (15.0) | 38 | NA | NA |
| Grade 8 | 45 (20.8) | 24 (15.0) | 69 | ||
| Grade 9 | 22 (10.2) | 22 (13.8) | 44 | ||
| Grade 10 | 15 (6.9) | 29 (18.1) | 44 | ||
| Grade 11 | 78 (36.1) | 29 (18.1) | 107 | ||
| Grade 12 | 42 (19.4) | 32 (20.0) | 74 | ||
| Mental health scoring | |||||
| SDQ | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 12.8 (5.6) | 19.1 (5.2) | 15.6 (6.2) | NA | NA |
| Clinical range (≥20), No. (% [95% CI]) | 30 (13.9 [10.1-19.8]) | 76 (47.5 [40.0-55.6]) | 106 (28.2 [24.5-34.1]) | 5.34 (3.25-8.77) | 0.92 (0.83-1.03) |
| PTSD (CRIES) | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 23.5 (13.0) | 39.5 (11.6) | 30.0 (14.8) | NA | NA |
| Clinical range (≥30), No. (% [95% CI]) | 67 (31.0 [25.0-37.0]) | 127 (79.4 [72.5-85.6]) | 194 (51.6 [46.3-56.4]) | 8.56 (5.30-13.82) | 0.88 (0.79-0.97) |
| Depression (MFQ) | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 8.18 (6.7) | 16.54 (5.8) | 11.99 (7.6) | NA | NA |
| Clinical range (≥12), No. (% [95% CI]) | 57 (26.4 [23.0-36.1]) | 127 (79.4 [73.1-85.6]) | 184 (48.9 [47.0-57.5]) | 9.05 (5.53-14.81) | 0.88 (0.79-0.98) |
| Anxiety (RCMAS) | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 13.0 (7.3) | 21.4 (4.8) | 16.9 (7.6) | NA | NA |
| Clinical range (≥19), No. (% [95% CI]) | 45 (20.8 [18.0-31.1]) | 125 (78.1 [71.9-83.8]) | 170 (45.2 [44.3-54.8]) | 10.95 (6.62-18.12) | 0.86 (0.77-0.95) |
| SDQ subscale scoring | |||||
| Prosocial behavior | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 6.77 (2.2) | 6.32 (2.0) | 6.6 (2.1) | NA | NA |
| Clinical cutoff ≤4, No. (% [95% CI]) | 32 (14.8 [10.6-20.8]) | 28 (17.5 [11.9-23.1]) | 60 (16.0 [12.5-19.9]) | 1.16 (0.67-2.02) | 1.00 (0.87-1.14) |
| Emotional problems | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 3.56 (2.7) | 7.16 (2.3) | 5.11 (3.1) | NA | NA |
| Clinical cutoff ≥7, No. (% [95% CI]) | 31 (14.4 [10.0-20.1]) | 103 (64.4 [56.9-71.7]) | 134 (35.6 [31.4-41.5]) | 10.38 (6.29-17.11) | 0.87 (0.78-0.97) |
| Hyperactivity | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 3.56 (2.09) | 5.53 (2.20) | 4.42 (2.35) | NA | NA |
| Clinical cutoff ≥8, No. (% [95% CI]) | 7 (3.2 [1.0-6.3]) | 33 (20.6 [14.4-26.9]) | 40 (10.6 [7.6-14.4]) | 7.42 (3.19-17.29) | 0.89 (0.76-1.04) |
| Peer problems | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 3.96 (1.6) | 4.71 (1.6) | 4.29 (1.7) | NA | NA |
| Clinical cutoff ≥5, No. (% [95% CI]) | 77 (35.6 [30.9-43.0]) | 86 (53.8 [46.3-61.9]) | 163 (43.4 [39.5-49.6]) | 1.96 (1.29-2.99) | 0.97 (0.88-1.07) |
| Conduct problems | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 3.29 (2.1) | 4.58 (2.00) | 3.85 (2.2) | NA | NA |
| Clinical cutoff ≥6, No. (% [95% CI]) | 34 (15.7 [11.1-21.7]) | 53 (33.1 [25.6-40.6]) | 87 (23.1 [19.6-28.3]) | 2.52 (1.54-4.13) | 0.95 (0.85-1.07) |
Abbreviations: CRIES, Child Revised Impact of Event Scale; MFQ, Mood and Feeling Questionnaire; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; SDQ, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; RCMAS, Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale.
a
Percentages have been rounded and therefore may not total 100%.