Table 1.
Dietary sodium consumption in Asian populations.
| No. | Author, Year | Country | n | Population | Method Dietary Assessment |
Sodium Intakes or Sodium Excretion |
Dietary Energy Intake |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lee, 2013 [50] | South Korea | 9264 | Subjects > 1 year old | 24-h diet recall | Mean: 4.7 g | Not reported |
| 2 | Song, 2016 [51] | South Korea | 9869 | Adults (19–64 years) | Food Frequency Questionnaire + a 24-h diet recall | Mean sodium: 4943 mg/d Males: 6045 mg/d Females: 4240 mg/d |
Energy: 1910 kcal/d Males: 2322 kcal/d Females:1648 kcal/d |
| 3 | Choi, 2018 [52] | South Korea | 10,672 | Adults > 18 years | 24-h urine sodium | Mean (SE): 3.3 (0.1) g/d | Not reported |
| 4 | Kim, 2018 [53] | South Korea | 718 | Children & adolescents (10–18 years) | 24-h urine sodium | Mean: 4190.55 mg | Mean 2270.70 kcal/d |
| 5 | Park, 2020 [54] | Korea | N/R | KNHANES 2014 (Subjects ≥ 1 year) | 24-h diet recall | Total sodium: 3889.9 mg Male: 4557 mg Female: 3222.6 mg By age 1–2 years: 1111.7 mg 3–5 years: 1775.1 mg 6–11 years: 2916.5 mg 12–18 years: 3766.5 mg 19–29 years: 4226.4 mg 30–49 years: 4448.4 mg 50–64 years: 4161.4 mg 65+ years: 2987.1 mg |
Not reported |
| 6 | Uechi, 2017 [55] | Japan | N/R | Systematic Review | 24-h urine sodium | Mean (±SE) Overall: 4900 ± 190 mg Males: 5280 ± 310 mg Females: 4620 ± 290 mg |
Not reported |
| 7 | Okuda, 2021 [56] | Japan | 2377 | Children (10–11 and 13–14 years) | Brief diet history questionnaire | Mean sodium: 4179 ± 1162 mg/d | Energy: 2005 ± 570 kcal/d |
| 8 | Wen, 2019 [57] | Japan China |
1,145,839 | Adults (40–59 years) | 24-h diet recall | Japan: 202.2 ± 55.6 mmol/d China: 173.5 ± 84.5 mmol |
Not reported |
| 9 | Tan, 2019 [58] | China | N/R | Systematic Review | Systematic Review | Mean urinary sodium excretion (range) 3–6 years: 86.99 (69.88, 104.1) mmol/24 h 6–16 years: 151.09 (131.55, 170.63) mmol/24 h ≥16 years: 189.07 (182.14, 195.99) mmol/24 h |
Not reported |
| 10 | Powles, 2013 [59] | China Japan Korea | N/R | Systematic Review | Systematic Review | All values in g/d China: Total: 4.83 (4.62–5.05) Male: 5.05 (4.71–5.39) Female: 4.60 (4.31–4.88) Japan Total: 4.89 (4.71–5.08) Male: 5.12 (4.85–5.41) Female: 4.68 (4.43–4.93) Korea Total: 3.79 (3.16–4.46) Male: 4.01 (3.07–5.21) Female: 3.59 (2.79–4.55) |
Not reported |
| 11 | Zhu, 2021 [60] | China (Shanghai) | 3958 | Adolescents (6–17 years) | Three 24-h dietary recalls | Dietary sodium intake 4297.6 ± 2285.5 mg/d Dietary source of sodium: salt (57.4%); soy sauce (13.2%), fungi and algae (6.5%) Mono Na glutamate (4.6%) |
Not reported |