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Distribution of the expression systems for bacterial production of TTFC over the years. Escherichia coli (in blue) was the first recombinant system used to produce TTFC; between 1990 and 2012, Salmonella typhi (in orange) and lactic acid bacteria (in grey) were the most studied system of expression. Other bacteria were used less often as expression systems for TTFC (Streptococcus gordonii in yellow, Bacillus subtilis in light blue and Bordetella bronchiseptica in green).
