PMQ enhances PGC-1α and FNDC5 protein expression by activating AMPK. (A) Protein levels of pAMPK and AMPK in gastrocnemius muscle of mice. ## p < 0.01 vs. control group; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. MSG group. (B) Protein levels of pAMPK and AMPK in C2C12 myotubes treated with various concentrations of PMQ (1, 3, 10 μM) or vehicle for 16 h. ** p < 0.01 vs. vehicle. (C,D) Protein levels of pAMPK, AMPK, PGC-1α, and FNDC5 in C2C12 Myotubes pretreated with or without 10 μM compound C for 6 h and continuously incubated with PMQ for 16 h. ** p < 0.01 vs. vehicle; Δ p < 0.05, ΔΔ p < 0.01 vs. PMQ 10. Data are expressed as means ± SEM, n = 4.