Table 11.

The potential pharmacological activity of brown, red and green seaweeds.

Component	Properties/Activities	Seaweed	Doses	Models	References
Fucoxanthins	Antitumoral activity on lung cancer cells	Laminaria japonica	12.5–100 μM	Female and male (1:1 ratio) BALB/c nude mice (18–20 g; 6–8 weeks of age)	[341]
	Antitumoral activity on MCF-7, HepG-2, HCT-116 cells	Colpomenia sinuosa, Sargassum prismaticum	100 and 200 mg/kg	Paracetamol-administered rats (one dose of 1 g/kg)	[342]
	Antitumoral activity on SiHa, Malme-3M cells	Undaria pinnatifida	1.5625, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 80, 100 µM	Human cell lines	[343]
	Antimicrobial activity	Cladosiphon okamuranus	2–2000 µg/mL.	Helicobacter pylori	[344]
	Antimicrobial activity	Laminaria japonica	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 7.5 mg/mL	Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli	[345]
	Antimicrobial activity	Fucus vesiculosus	2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg/mL	Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus licheniformis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis	[346]
	Antiviral activity against ECHO-1, HIV-1, HSV-1, HSV-2	Fucus evanescens	200 μg/mL	Female outbred mice (16–20 g)	[347]
Sulfate polysaccharide	Antiviral activity against HSV-1, HVS-2	Sargassum patens	0.78–12.5 μg/mL	Vero cells (African green monkey kidney cell line)	[348]
	Anti-obesity, antidiabetic activities	Gracilaria lemaneiformis	5–10% Seaweed powder	Dawley laboratory rats (4 to 5 months old, 250–300 g)	[349]
Phloroglucinol	Anti-inflammatory activity	Ecklonia cava	1, 5, 10, 50 100 µM	HT1080 and RAW264.7 cells	[350]