Table 4.
Adjusted a trimester-specific associations of urinary phthalate and phthalate replacement metabolite concentrations with serum levels of lipid biomarkers among 175 pregnant women in the Environment and Reproductive Health (EARTH) Study.
| Trimester 1 Median 8 Weeks (N = 61) |
Trimester 2 Median 23 Weeks (N = 47) |
Trimester 3 Median 34 Weeks (N = 67) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| MBP | Triglycerides, mg/dL | ||
| Q1 | 88.7 (61.5, 116) | 159 (121, 1970) | 262 (221, 304) |
| Q2 | 120 (91.2, 148) | 183 (158, 209) | 323 (288, 358) |
| Q3 | 116 (93.6, 139) | 182 (154, 209) | 231 (185, 277) |
| Q4 | 116 (96.5, 136) | 208 (182, 235) ‡ | 306 (250, 360) |
| Non-HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | |||
| Q1 | 101 (87.8, 114) | 132 (104, 161) | 216 (188, 244) |
| Q2 | 113 (98.8, 127) | 171 (152, 190) * | 211 (187, 235) |
| Q3 | 120 (108, 131) * | 173 (152, 194) * | 190 (159, 222) |
| Q4 | 117 (107, 127) ǂ | 196 (176, 217) * | 244 (207, 282) |
| MEHP | Total cholesterol, mg/dL | ||
| G1 | 184 (170, 199) | 221 (198, 244) | 271 (249, 293) |
| G2 | 192 (173, 209) | 228 (202, 255) | 288 (261, 314) |
| G3 | 168 (152, 183) | 246 (229, 264) * | 271 (233, 311) |
| G4 | 173 (162, 184) | 277 (259, 296) * | 325 (286, 364)* |
| Non-HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | |||
| G1 | 121 (109, 134) | 144 (120, 167) | 201 (179, 223) |
| G2 | 118 (103, 134) | 159 (132, 1860 | 214 (188, 240) |
| G3 | 103 (89.5, 116) ǂ | 171 (153, 188) * | 198 (160, 237) |
| G4 | 111 (102, 121) | 197 (179, 217) * | 262 (224, 300) * |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | |||
| G1 | 103 (91.1, 114) | 112 (92.2, 132) | 145 (125, 166) |
| G2 | 100 (85.9, 114) | 124 (101, 146) | 157 (132, 181) |
| G3 | 78.5 (66.5, 90.5) * | 131 (116, 146) | 154 (118, 190) |
| G4 | 87.1 (78.3, 95.9) ǂ | 160 (144, 176) * | 196 (161, 233) |
| MEOHP | Total cholesterol, mg/dL | ||
| Q1 | 181 (166, 197) | 213 (189, 237) | 286 (258, 316) |
| Q2 | 179 (165, 193) | 244 (220, 268) ‡ | 270 (245, 2940 |
| Q3 | 168 (153, 182) | 242 (224, 261) ‡ | 276 (248, 303) |
| Q4 | 178 (166, 191) | 287 (265, 309) * | 320 (281, 359) |
| Non-HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | |||
| Q1 | 115 (102, 128) | 139 (116, 163) | 218 (189, 247) |
| Q2 | 109 (97.2, 121) | 167 (143, 191) ‡ | 196 (172, 221) |
| Q3 | 108 (95.5, 119) | 165 (147, 184) ‡ | 207 (180, 235) |
| Q4 | 118 (108, 129) | 210 (189, 231) * | 248 (209, 287) |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | |||
| Q1 | 100 (87.9, 112) | 104 (84.1, 124) | 164 (138, 190) |
| Q2 | 91.6 (80.5, 103) | 132 (112, 153) * | 139 (116, 161) |
| Q3 | 80.8 (69.7, 91.9) * | 129 (113, 145) ǂ | 151 (126, 176) |
| Q4 | 91.7 (82.1, 101) | 170 (151, 188) * | 192 (157, 228) |
| MECPP | Total cholesterol, mg/dL | ||
| Q1 | 177 (163, 191) | 213 (186, 240) | 272 (240, 305) |
| Q2 | 185 (171, 200) | 237 (213, 261) | 285 (261, 308) |
| Q3 | 174 (160, 188) | 240 (220, 260) | 272 (244, 299) |
| Q4 | 175 (162, 187) | 286 (263, 308) * | 323 (284, 363) |
| Non-HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | |||
| Q1 | 112 (99.5, 124) | 139 (112, 165) | 203 (170, 235) |
| Q2 | 116 (104, 128) | 163 (140, 186) | 211 (187, 235) |
| Q3 | 110 (97.5, 122) | 158 (140, 177) | 204 (176, 232) |
| Q4 | 116 (105, 127) | 211 (190, 233) * | 255 (216, 294) ǂ |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | |||
| Q1 | 92.4 (81.0, 104) | 106 (82.9, 128) | 148 (118, 177) |
| Q2 | 94.1 (82.3, 106) | 126 (106, 146) | 157 (135, 179) |
| Q3 | 86.6 (75.2, 98.0) | 124 (108, 141) | 145 (120, 171) |
| Q4 | 91.5 (81.2, 102) | 170 (151, 188) * | 197 (161, 233) ǂ |
| Non-HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | |||
| MHiNCH | |||
| G1 non-detectable | 103 (92.4, 114) | 140 (114, 165) | 176 (117, 234) |
| G2 detectable | 114 (106, 121) | 160 (146, 174) | 199 (183, 215) |
| Non-HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | |||
| MCOCH | |||
| G1 non-detectable | 109 (93.4, 124) | 163 (152, 174) | 149 (107, 189) |
| G2 detectable | 110 (104, 116) | 195 (134, 256) | 196 (182, 211) * |
a Data are presented as predicted marginal means (95% CI) unless otherwise noted, adjusted for age at pregnancy, pre-pregnancy BMI, education, infertility diagnosis, cycle type, number of babies, and specific gravity. * p-value < 0.05 when comparing that group with the lowest group. ‡ p-value < 0.10 when comparing that group with the lowest group. Mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP); mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP); monoethyl phthalate (MEP); monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP); mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP); mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP); mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP); mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP); cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid monohydroxy isononyl ester (MHiNCH); cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid monocarboxyisooctyl ester (MCOCH).