Table 1.

Cerium oxide nanoparticle synthesis by using various routes and their biomedical applications.

No.	Plant Name	Plant Part Used	Size of NPs	Activity	References
1	Calotropis procera	Flower	20 nm	Biogenic CeO2 NPs exhibited important antibacterial activity against E. coli and Pseudomonas.	[30]
2	Solanum nigrum L.	Leaves	20 nm	Biosynthesized CeO2 NPs exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and Gram-negative against E. coli.	[31]
3	Aloe barbadensis	Gel	10 nm	Green CeO2 NPs showed high antioxidant potential.	[32]
4	Olea europaea L.	Leaves extract	24 nm	Successful inhibition of fungal and bacterial strains.	[33]
5	Azadirachta indica	Leaves	50 nm	CeO2 NPs exhibited a good photo-degradation rate.	[34]
6	Gloriosa superba L.	Leaves	5 nm	CeO2 NPs exhibited good photoluminescence and antibacterial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative species.	[35]
7	Citrullus lanatus	Juice	11.6 nm	Biosynthesized CeO2 NPs exhibited good photocatalytic activity and antibacterial potential by causing leakage of the bacterial membrane.	[36]
8	Prosopis fracta	Fruit	15 nm	Green synthesized CeO2 NPs showed cellular toxicity against colon cancer cells.	[37]
9	Prosopis fracta	Aerial parts (leaves, branches)	30 nm	Biosynthesized CeO2 NPs were found to be less effective against HT-29 cancer cells.	[38]
10	Camellia sinensis L.	Leaves	5 nm	Biogenic CeO2 NPs were found to be protective against the oxidation of hepatic inflammation and oxidation of hepatic cells.	[38]
11	Humicola sp.	Fungus mycelia	5 nm	Biosynthesized CeO2 NPs were found to be highly stable and did not agglomerate in an aqueous solution.	[39]
12	Salvadora persica L.	Whole plant extract	20 nm	Green synthesized CeO2 NPs were found to be effective against a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7).	[119]
13	Musa sapientum L.	Fruit	13 nm	Biosynthesized CeO2 NPs were found to be good sun-protective agents and anticancer agents against a lung (A549) cancer cell line.	[40]
14	Acalypha indica L.	Leaves	15–30 nm	Biogenic CeO2 NPs showed antibacterial behavior against Gram-positive and Gram-negative species.	[41]
15	Brassica napus L.	Pollen grains	4 nm	Green CeO2 NPs destroyed ovarian cancer cells (A2780).	[42]
16	Aspergillus niger	Fungus mycelia	5–20 nm	Green CeO2 NPs exhibited high insecticidal potential against Aedes aegypti and antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis.	[43]
17	Origanum majorana L.	Leaves	70 nm	Green synthesized CeO2 NPs could express SOD, CAT, POX, and antioxidant activities and were found to be highly cytotoxic against the MDA-MB-231 cancer cell line.	[28]
18	Prosopis juliflora	Leaves	3.7 nm	Green synthesized CeO2 NPs were highly effective in killing both Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia) and Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris).	[44]
19	Aloe vera (L.)	Leaves	2–3 nm	Biogenic CeO2 NPs were found to be highly antioxidant agents.	[45]
20	Petroselinum crispum	Fruit	25 nm	Green CeO2 NPs exhibited high antioxidative activity against various stresses in agricultural plants.	[46]
21	Musa sapientum L.	Peel extract	4–13 nm	Green CeO2 NPs exhibited high photocatalytic activity.	[47]
22	Acorus calamus L.	Rhizome extract	22.03 nm	Biogenic CeO2 NPs showed good antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative species.	[48]
23	Moringa oleifera	Seed	30 nm	Green CeO2 NPs were found to express suitable insecticidal activity.	[49]
24	Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.	Flower	3.9 nm	Green synthesized CeO2 NPs were found to be highly effective chelating agents.	[50]
25	Amomum subulatum	Seeds	0.5 µm	Green CeO2 NPs were found to be highly effective against MRSA, methicillin-resistant S. aureus infection, which primarily affects animal mammary glands.	[51]
26	Aloe vera (L.)	Leaves	7–12 nm	Green CeO2 NPs showed good optical properties at different concentrations of nanoparticles.	[52]
27	Sida acuta	Leaves	8.2 nm	Green synthesized CeO2 NPs disrupted the cell membrane of E. coli and killed bacteria.	[26]
28	Rheum turkestanicum	Whole plant	30 nm	Green synthesized CeO2 NPs exhibited photocatalytic and cytotoxic activities against PC12 cell lines.	[53]
29	Saccostrea cucullata	Whole mollusk	15 nm	Biogenic CeO2 NPs exhibited suitable photocatalytic and cytotoxic activities.	[54]
30	Ceratoniasilique L.	Leaves	100 nm	Green synthesized CeO2 NPs were found to be effective against the hepatic cancer cell line.	[3]