Table 1.
Patients’ demographic (A) and clinical characteristics (B).
| (A) Patients’ Demographics | ||||||
|
Total Sample
Mean ± SD (n = 86) |
Controls
Group Mean ± SD (n = 30) |
Normoglycemic (MetS)
Mean ± SD (n = 30) |
Prediabetic MetS
Mean ± SD (n = 26) |
p-Value | ||
| Female, n (%) | 46 (53.5%) | 16 (53.3%) | 19 (63.3%) | 11 (42.3%) | 0.113 | |
| Age (years) | 48.75 ± 12.87 | 37.83 ± 11.1 | 54.13 ± 10.72 | 53.73 ± 9.55 | <0.001 | |
| (B) Patients’ clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Control Group Mean ± SD (n = 30) |
Normoglycemic MetS
Mean ± SD (n = 30) |
Prediabetic MetS
Mean ± SD (n = 26) |
p1-Value | p2-Value | p3-Value | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.91 ± 2 | 32.74 ± 4.3 | 32.87 ± 3.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1 |
|
SBP
(mmHg) |
111.23 ± 9.05 | 132.20 ± 11.61 | 138.17 ± 11.55 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.106 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 73.77 ± 6.82 | 81.43 ± 9.22 | 87.50 ± 8.93 | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.019 |
| HbA1C% | 5.13 ± 0.3 | 5.43 ± 0.243 | 6.65 ± 1.32 | 0.471 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 88.18 ± 8.68 | 101.07 ± 15.95 | 124.31 ± 47.38 | 0.275 | <0.001 | 0.009 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 76.33 ± 23.61 | 168.74 ± 47.14 | 221.84 ± 102.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.008 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 117.1 ± 36.57 | 129.7 ± 36.57 | 141.03 ± 43.12 | 0.493 | 0.028 | 0.632 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 58.4 ± 10.21 | 45.87 ± 8.68 | 45.40 ± 13.03 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1 |
| LDL-C/HDL C ratio | 2.06 ± 0.53 | 2.86 ± 0.73 | 3.28 ± 1.15 | <0.001 | 0.01 | 0.188 |
| WC (cm) | 77.37 ± 7.74 | 111.03 ± 10.5 | 115.2 ± 10.26 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.287 |
| Surrogate insulin resistance (sIR) indices | ||||||
| MetS-IR | 13.08 ± 1.67 | 22.68 ± 3.018 | 24.55 ± 3.85 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.06 |
| TyG Index | 8.06 ± 0.39 | 9.0 ± 0.24 | 9.38 ± 0.62 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.005 |
| TyG-BMI | 185.14 ± 21.01 | 294.66 ± 37.93 | 308.38 ± 39.81 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.365 |
| TyG-WC | 625.3 ± 82.47 | 999.07 ± 87.59 | 1081.6 ± 127.91 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.007 |
MetS: metabolic syndrome; SD: standard deviation. Comparisons of means and p-values were obtained by the ANOVA test. Pairwise post hoc comparisons were done through Bonferroni. p1: MetS/normoglycemic group versus control; p2: MetS/preDM group versus control; p3: MetS/preDM group versus normoglycemic MetS group; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HbA1C%: percent glycosylated hemoglobin; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; TG: triglyceride; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C/HDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; WC: waist circumference; TyG Index: triglyceride glucose (TG) index, TyG-BMI: TyG index-to-BMI ratio; TyG-WC: TyG index-to-WC ratio, MetS-IR: Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance.