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. 2022 Jun 12;14(12):2436. doi: 10.3390/nu14122436

Figure 1.

Figure 1

GM alpha and beta diversity analysis between CENT, NON and CTLs groups. (A) Plots indicate a statistically significant difference in the Shannon index between CENT and NON, evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis test. p equal to or less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. (B) The Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) plot based on Bray-Curtis distance matrix, performed in R software v.3.5.2 (ggplot2 package), showed a marked separation between the GM communities of LLS groups and CTLs. The statistical significance among the groups was determined with Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA) performed in R-vegan, function adonis (sum of square s = 1.498, mean of squares = 0.749, F = 6.074, R = 0.1201, p = 0.001). Significant segregation persisted only in the comparison between CENT and CTLs (p = 0.006) and between NON and CTLs (p = 0.003) following the pairwise PERMANOVA test performed in R (RVAdeMemoire package). p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. CENT = centenarian subjects, NON = nonagenarian subjects, CTLs = healthy younger controls, MDS = Multidimensional Scaling.