Table 4.

Typical values of the crunch factor according to the methodology used. The value source is given in brackets.

Publication	Methodology (Parameter1·Parameter2)		Values
	Parameter1	Parameter2	Driver	Iron
Cole et al. [73]	Axial torso rotation	Lateral bending angle	1.5 rad2·s−1
Joyce et al. [76]	Lateral bending (upper torso)	Axial rotation velocity	3.0 ± 0.8 rad2·s−1	3.0 ± 0.5 rad2·s−1
	Lateral bending (lower torso)	Axial rotation velocity	0.5 ± 0.2 rad2·s−1	0.5 ± 0.1 rad2·s−1
Lindsay et al. [75]	Axial rotation velocity	Side bending angle	with low-back pain: 82.4 ± 21.9 rad·s−1
			without low-back pain: 87.7 ± 28.4 rad·s−1
Ferdinands et al. [58]	Pelvic tilt velocity	Pelvic axial velocity		8 *rad2·s−2
	Thoracic lateral bending	Pelvic axial velocity		5 *rad2·s−2
	Thoracic flexion	Pelvic axial velocity		12 *rad2·s−2
Joyce et al. [74]	Torso lateral bending	Torso axial rotation	2.9 ± 0.6 rad2·s−1
	Lower torso lateral bending	Lower torso axial rotation	0.3 ± 0.2 rad2·s−1

* Directly read from a plot or a chart. The value source is given in brackets.