Table 4.
Filler for ENR/PVC matrix composites.
| Filler | Fabrication Techniques | Properties | Applications | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) | Electron-beam irradation | Tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and gel content increase with a concurrent reduction in the elongation at break (Eb) of the composites. | Composite material | [195] |
| Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) | Melt blending | Young’s modulus, hardness, and flexural modulus of the PVC/ ENR blend increase with the increase in OPEFB loading | Composite material | [196] |
| Rubber-wood | Melt blending | Flexural modulus, Young’s modulus and hardness increased with the RW loading. The impact strength, Ts and Eb decrease with the increase in RW loading | Composite material | [194] |
| Titnium dioxide (TiO2) | Melt blending, radiation | Good distribution of TiO2 in the PVC/ENR blends matrix | Composite material | [197] |
| Pineapple leaves fiber cellulose | Solution blending, casting technique, phase inversion method | Number of pores increased with the addition of cellulose. Decoloration of palm oil mill effluent after treated by ENR/PVC/Cell-20% and ENR/PVC/Cell-g-PMMA-10% membranes. | Composite material | [36] |
| Rice husk powder | Solution blending, casting technique, phase inversion method | Relative humidity (RH) reduces tensile strength and increases the tensile modulus. The number of pores increased with the increasing wt% of RH. | Water permeation | [198] |
| Silica | Solution blending, casting technique, phase inversion method | Thermal and mechanical stability of the membranes improved with the incorporation of silica.CO2 and N2 gas permeation of silica-filled membranes increased with increasing silica content | Gas permeation | [189] |
| Silica | Solution blending, casting technique, phase inversion method | Silica as pore former. Mechanical properties of the membrane improved by the addition of silica. COD and BOD showed a reduction of 44% and 38.3%, respectively, after POME | POME treatment | [199] |
| Magnesium Oxide, MgO | Solution blending, casting technique, phase inversion method | Pores developed as fillers were introduced to the membrane.Permeability values of CO2 and N2 increased with the addition of MgO. | Gas permeation | [200] |
| Microcrystalline Cellulose, MCC | Solution blending technique | Chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solid (TSS) were reduced to 99.9%, 70.3%, and 16.9%, respectively. | POME treatment | [38] |