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. 2022 Jun 15;11(12):1581. doi: 10.3390/plants11121581

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic diagram of polyamines, ethylene, and brassinosteoids in mediating the biosynthesis of amino acids in the grain of rice. Spd, spermidine; Spm, spermine; 24-EBL, 24-epibrassinolide; 28-HBL, 28-homobrassinolide; SuSase, sucrose synthase; ADPGP, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase; StSase, starch synthase; SBE, starch branching enzyme; GS, glutamine synthetase; GOGAT, glutamate synthase; AST, aspartate transaminase; AK, aspartate kinase; HSDH, homoserine dehydrogenase; AsA, ascorbic acid; SOD, superoxide dismutase; LKR, lysine α-ketoglutarate reductase; SDH, saccharopine dehydrogenase. HK, homoserine kinase; TS, threonine synthase; CS, cysthationine synthase; TD, threonine dehydratase; ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase; CCOase, cytochrome C oxidase; SDase, succinate dehydrogenase; AsA-GSH, ascorbate-glutathione. This diagram is assembled according to [62,63,64,65,66,68,69,70,71,72,88,89,90,91,92].