Table 5.

Nutritional Screening Tools.

Tool/Acronym/Year	Features/Aspects	Patients Group	Reference
Instant nutritional assessment (INA, 1979)	Serum albumin levels and total lymphocyte counts	Cancer surgery, liver, and pancreatic diseases	Seltzer et al. [74]
Prognostic nutritional index (PNI, 1979)	Serum albumin, TSF, TFN, DH	Surgical patients	Mullen et al. [66]
Prognostic inflammatory and nutritional index (PINI, 1985)	C-reactive protein, orosomucoid, albumin, and transthyretin	Cancer patients, surgery, liver diseases, trauma, burn	Ingenbleek et al. [73]
Nutritional screening initiative checklist (DETERMINE, 1994)	Questionary about nutritional well being	Elderly people	Dwyer J. [75]
Nutritional Risk Index (NRI, 1988)	Serum albumin, current/usual body weight ratio.	All inpatients	Buzby et al. [56]
Malnutrition screening tool (MST, 1999)	Data about recent appetite status and weight loss	All inpatients	Ferguson et al. [46]
Risk Evaluation for Eating and Nutrition (SCREEN, 2000).	Factors affecting food intake, access to food, social factors, anthropometry, dietary intake	Elderly people	Keller et al. [76]
Malnutrition inflammatory score (MIS, 2001)	SGA method combined with BMI, serum albumin, and serum TIBC	Dialysis patients	Kalantar-Zadeh et al. [77]
South Manchester University Hospitals nutritional Assessment Score (2001)	Age, mental condition, weight, dietary intake, ability to eat, medical condition, and gut function	All inpatients	Burden ST [78]
Controlling nutritional status (CONUT, 2002)	Laboratory data (serum albumin, cholesterol, total lymphocytes, and hematocrit)	All inpatients	Ulibarri et al. [47]
Nutritional risk screening 2002 (NRS-2002, 2003)	BMI, weight loss, and acute disease score	All inpatients	Kondrup et al. [40]
Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST, 2004)	BMI, weight loss, and illness in relation to food intake	All inpatients	Elia et al. [31]
Rapid Screen (2004)	Weight change, BMI	Inpatients	Visvanathan et al. [79]
British nutrition screening tool (NST) 2004	Weight, height, recent unintentional weight loss, and appetite	All inpatients	Weekes et al. [80]
Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ, 2005)	Items related to appetite, food timing during day, food preferences, and daily number of meals	Elderly patients	Kruizenga et al. [39]
Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI, 2005)	Serum albumin and the relationships between current weight and ideal weight	Elderly patients	Bouillane et al. [58]
Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS, 2007)	Serum levels of albumin and C-reactive protein (CRP)	Cancer patients	McMillan et al. [81]
Protein Energy Wasting (PEW, 2008)	Serum chemistry, BMI, muscle mass, and dietary intake	Dialysis patients	Fouque et al. [82]
Cachexia consensus (2008)	Decreased muscle strength, fatigue, anorexia, low fat-free mass index, abnormal biochemistry	Cachexia diseases	Evans WJ et al. [83]
Mini Nutritional Assessment short form (MNA-SF, 2009)	First 6 items of 18 MNA	Elderly patients	Rubenstein et al. [25]
Imperial Nutritional Screening (INSYST, 2009)	Unintentional weight loss, reduced food intake	All inpatients	Tammam et al. [84]
3-Minute Nutrition Screening (3-MinNS, 2009)	Unintentional weight loss in the past six months, intake in the past week, body mass index (BMI), disease with nutrition risks, and presence of muscle wasting in the temporalis and clavicular areas	All inpatients	Lim et al. [85]
Objective screening nutrition dialysis (OSND, 2010)	Some anthropometric measurements, albumin, transferrin, and cholesterol levels	Dialysis patients	Beberashvili et al. [86]
Cancer cachexia classification (2011)	Weight loss, BMI, dietary intake, anorexia, muscle mass, metabolic change	Cancer patients	Fearon et al. [87]
Nutrition Risk in Critically ill (NUTRIC, 2011)	Age, APACHE II score, SOFA score, comorbidities, days in the hospital before admission to the ICU, and interleukin-6	Critically ill patients	Heyland et al. [48] Rahman et al. [49]
Spinal nutrition screening tool (SNST, 2012)	History of recent weight loss, BMI, age, level of SCI, presence of co-morbidity, skin condition, appetite, and ability to eat.	Spinal cord-injured patients	Wong et al. [88]
Royal Free Hospital Nutritional Prioritizing Tool (RFH-NPT, 2012)	Unintentional weight loss, BMI, influence of excess body fluids, and food intake.	Chronic liver disease	Arora et al. [89]
Nutrition impact symptoms score (NIS, 2013)	Symptoms impacting on food intake	Dialysis patients	Campbell et al. [90]
Eating Validation Scheme (EVS, 2013)	Eating habits	Elderly in primary care	Beck et al. [91]
Canadian Nutrition Screening Tool (CNST, 2015)	Weight loss, decreased food intake, body mass index (BMI)	All inpatients	Laporte et al. [92]
Royal Marsden Nutrition Screening Tool (RMNST, 2015)	Weight loss during the previous 3 months, a food intake of less than 50 % of normal in the previous 5 days, symptoms affecting intake	Cancer patients	Shaw er al. [93]
Malnutrition Inflammation Risk Tool (MIRT, 2016)	BMI, weight Loss, CRP	Inflammatory bowel diseases	Jansen et al. [94]
NUTRISCORE (2017)	MST, tumor location, active treatment	Cancer patients	Arribas et al. [95]
Saskatchewan Inflammatory Bowel Disease Nutrition Risk Tool (SaskIBD-NRT, 2018)	Weight loss, GI symptoms, anorexia, food intake restriction	Inflammatory bowel diseases	Haskey et al. [96]
BMI–lymphocyte–uric acid–triglyceride (BULT, 2019)	BMI, lymphocyte, uric acid, and triglyceride	Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma	Xu et al. [97]
Bach Mai Boston Tool (BBT, 2019)	Oral intake, body mass index (BMI), and weight loss in the last 3 months.	Cancer patients	Van et al. [98]
Dialysis Malnutrition Score (DMS, 2021)	Similar to PS-SGA with additional questions about dialysis history, and physical examination concerning loss of subcutaneous fat and muscle wasting.	Dialysis patients	Hassanin et al. [99]
Nutritional Screening inflammatory bowel diseases (NS-IBD, 2021)	BMI, unintended weight loss, GI symptoms, surgery for IBD	Inflammatory bowel diseases	Fiorindi et al. [100]