Table 1.

Studies included in this review and the main bacterial species identified in each study.

Article Title	Authors	Year of Publication	Study Design	Study Samples	Population Characteristics	Bacterial Isolation Technique	Isolated Bacteria
Diversity analysis of subgingival microbial bacteria in periimplantitis in Uygur population	Gao et al. [9]	2018	Observational Study	40 samples of gingival crevicular fluid divided into two groups: healthy implants (Control group) and periimplantitis (Case group)	Uygur patients who had treatment with dental implants from 2013 to 2016	DNA extraction, PCR amplification and 16S rRNA gene sequencing	Prevotella, Streptococcus, Acinetobacter, Fusobacterium, Neisseria, Porphyromonas, Treponema, Leptothrix, Capnocytophaga
Efficiency of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of periimplantitis—A three-month randomized controlled clinical trial	Rakašević et al. [19]	2016	Randomized controlled clinical trial	Samples from 52 periimplantitis sites divided into two groups (Study group and Control group)	Patients with periimplantitis who presented in two dental clinics in Belgrade between January 2014 until February 2015	Bacterial culture for the diagnosis of aerobic and anaerobic pathogens	Veillonella spp., Prevotella intermedia, Peptostreptococcus spp., Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Actinomyces odontolyticus
Bacterial profiles and proteolytic activity in periimplantitis versus healthy sites	Neilands et al. [20]	2015	Non-randomized, controlled, clinical study	50 samples (25 from healthy subjects, 25 from periimplantitis sites)	Patients with dental implants treatment in the past, attending maintenance appointments in a dental clinic in Sweden	Bacterial culture on Brucella agar	Porphyromonas/Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Tannerella, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus constellatus, Streptococcus intermedius
Short-term effects of hyaluronic acid on the subgingival microbiome in periimplantitis: A randomized controlled clinical trial	Soriano-Lerma et al. [21]	2020	Randomized controlled trial	108 samples divided into 3 groups (Test group, Control group 1, Control group 2)	Patients diagnosticated with periimplantitis in a private dental office in Spain	DNA isolation, PCR amplification and 16S rRNA gene sequencing	Fusobacterium, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Ralstonia, Sphingomonas, Streptococcus, Treponema, Propionibacterium, Alloprevotella, Veillonella, Lactobacillus, Haemophilus, Staphylococcus, Campylobacter, Tannerella
A randomized clinical trial of an adjunct diode laser application for the nonsurgical treatment of periimplantitis	Arısan et al. [22]	2015	Randomized clinical trial	Samples collected from 24 implants affected by periimplantitis at baseline and 1 month after intervention	10 patients diagnosticated with periimplantitis who went to the department clinic in Istanbul University between February 2010 and May 2013	DNA extraction, PCR amplification and hybridization procedures	Actinomyces odontolyticus, Actinomyces viscosus, Aggregatibacteractinomycetemcomitans, Campylobacter concisus, Campylobacter gracilis, Campylobacterrectus/showae, Capnocytophaga gingivalis/sputigena/ochracea, Eikenella corrodens, Eubacterium nodatum, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Peptostreptococcus micros, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotellanigrescens, Streptococcus constellatus group, Streptococcusgordonii group, Streptococcus mitis group, Tannerella forsythia (Bacteroides forsythus; Tannerella forsythensis), Treponema denticola, and Veillonella parvula.
The effects of Lactobacillus reuteri probiotics combined with azithromycin on periimplantitis: A randomized placebo-controlled study	Tada et al. [23]	2017	Randomized placebo-controlled study	Samples collected from periimplantitis sites at baseline and 4, 12, and 24 weeks after allocated treatment	30 patients diagnosticated with periimplantitis from 7 different institutions including Kyushu Dental University Hospital, Japan, divided into 2 groups, placebo and probiotics	DNA isolation, PCR amplification and 16S rRNA gene sequencing	Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Peptostreptococcus micros, Streptococcus constellatus, Prevotella nigrescens, Tannerella forsythia, Campylobacter gracilis. Prevotella intermedia, Campylobacter rectus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Veillonella parvula, Streptococcus gordonii, Capnocytophaga, Streptococcus mitis
Effectiveness of enamel matrix derivative on the clinical and microbiological outcomes following surgical regenerativetreatment of periimplantitis. A randomized controlled trial	Isehed et al. [24]	2016	Randomized controlled trial	Samples collected from the deepest pocket of the each implant at baseline, 2 weeks, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery treatment	29 patients diagnosticated with periimplantitis from a periodontology clinic in Sweden	DNA extraction with Gen Elute Bacterial Geno-mic DNA kit (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), bacterial characterization by the HOMIM microarray	Fusobacteria (cluster probe), Parvimonas micra, Porphyromonas sp., Eubacterium nodatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Ochrobactrum anthropi, Tannerella forsythia and Campylobacter concisus/Campylobacter rectus.
Adjunctive Systemic and Local Antimicrobial Therapy in the Surgical Treatment of Periimplantitis: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial	Carcuac et al. [25]	2016	Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial	Samples collected from periimplantitis sites at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery	100 patients with severe periimplantitis who were referred to 2 clinics specialized in periodontics in Sweden	Culture and checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization analyses	Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia/Prevotella nigrescens, Campylobacter rectus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Parvimonas micra
Comparison of the effects of air-powder abrasion, chemical decontamination, or their combination in open-flap surface decontamination of implants failed for periimplantitis: an ex vivo study	Pranno et al. [26]	2021	Single-blind, randomized, controlled, ex vivo study	80 samples collected from the retrieved implants	20 patients from Oral Surgery Unit University of Rome with minimum 4 implants affected by periimplantitis which need to be explanted	Bacterial culture techniques: for aerobic bacteria—Columbia sheep blood agar plates and for anaerobic—Schaedler sheep blood agar	Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mitis/oralis, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus salivarius. Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Neisseria flavescens
The Efficacy of a Diode Laser on Titanium Implants for the Reduction of Microorganisms That Cause Periimplantitis	Wawrzyk et al. [27]	2021	Clinical study	Samples collected from saliva, the surfaces of the crowns and dental implants components	3 patients with advanced periimplantitis	Bacterial culture technique of anaerobic using Schaedler horse blood agar	Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus constellatus, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Rothia mucilaginosa, and Rothia aeria, and the following Gram-negative bacteria: Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Veilonella parvula. Candida guilliermondii, Actinomyces odontolyticus
Investigation of antibiotic susceptibility of the bacterial isolates and local flora changes after complex therapy in chronic periodontitis and periimplantitis	Ciobanu et al. [28]	2018	Clinical study	Samples collected from sites with periimplantitis before and after therapy	Patients diagnosticated with chronic periimplantitis	Culture examination	Capnocytophaga spp., Prevotella oralis, S. intermedius, S. gordonii, Veillonella spp.
Shift of microbial composition of periimplantitis-associated oral biofilm as revealed by 16S rRNA gene cloning	Al-Ahmad et al. [29]	2018	Cross-sectional study	Samples collected from the deepest sites of periimplantitis and from the periimplantar healthy sulcus	10 patients with at least one implant affected by periimplantitis and one healthy implant	DNA extraction and PCR amplification of 16S rRNA genes	Streptococcus spp., Prevotella spp., Fusobacterium spp., Eubacterium spp., Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema spp., Campylobacter spp., Filifactor alocis, Abitrophia defectiva, Alloprevotella tannarae, Neisseria spp., Parvimonas micra, Selenomonas spp., Capnocytophaga spp., Atopobium spp., Peptostreptococcus spp., Tannerella forsythia, Scadovia wiggisiae, Bacteroidetes bacterium, Eikenella Corodens, Fretibacterium fastidiosum, Johnsonella ignava, Synergistales bacterium, Dialister invisus, Raoultella sp.
Subgingival microbiome in patients with healthy and ailing dental implants	Zheng et al. [30]	2015	Clinical study	Samples collected from periimplantar sulcus and pockets	10 patients with healthy implants, 8 patients with perimucositis and 6 with periimplantitis	Microbial DNA extraction, 16S rRNA gene library preparation, and pyrosequencing	Leptotrichia hofstadii, Eubacterium infirmum, Kingella denitrificans, Actinomycescardiffensis, Eubacterium minutum, Treponema lecithinolyticum, and Gemella sanguinis were higher in PI sites Streptococcus, Leptotrichia, Actinomyces, Capnocytophaga, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Neisseria
Microbiota in Gingival Crevicular Fluid Before and After Mechanical Debridement With Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in Periimplantitis	Wang et al. [31]	2022	Clinical study	61 samples collected from all the implants: before treatment and 7, 14, 30, 60 and 180 days after treatment	9 patients presented at Department of Stomatology in Beijing Hospital with 14 implants affected by periimplantitis	Bacterial 16S rRNA was amplified and sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq platform	Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Spirochaetes, Synergistetes, and Actinobacteria Prevotella, Neisseria, Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas, Treponema, Streptococcus, Haemophilus, Capnocytophaga, Leptotrichia, and Fretibacterium
Microbiological findings in early and late implant loss: an observational clinical case-controlled study	Korsch et al. [32]	2021	Observational clinical case–control study	Samples collected from implants affected by severe periimplantitis without any chance of preservation and from healthy implants as controls	48 patients with 53 implants were introduced in the study	DNA extraction, PCR amplification and 16S rRNA gene sequencing	Treponema sp., Streptococcus, Fretibacterium, Anaerovoracaceae uncl, Desulfobulbus sp., Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus, Dialister pneumosintes, Streptococcus sanguinis, Shewanella sp., Pantoea sp., Haemophilus sp., Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Pseudomonas sp., Lautropia mirabilis, Actinomyces naeslundii
Strong oral plaque microbiome signatures for dental implant diseases identified by strain-resolution metagenomics	Ghensi et al. [33]	2020	Clinical study	Samples collected from each implant and from contralateral healthy implant or tooth for every patient included in the study	80 patients enrolled in the study: 28 with healthy implants, 28 with mucositis and 24 with periimplantitis	DNA extraction	P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, Treponema denticola, P. endodontalis, F. fastidiosum, Filifactor alocis, Desulfobulbus spp., T. lecithinolyticum
Cluster of bacteria associated with periimplantitis	Persson et al. [12]	2014	Retrospective clinical study	Samples collected at one implant with periimplantitis in each of 166 patients and from 47 healthy implants	166 patients with periimplantitis and 47 patients with healthy dental implants	Checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization	Actinomyces odontolyticus, A. actinomycetemcomitans (a), Campylobacter gracilis, Campylobacter rectus, Campylobacter showae, Helicobacter pylori, Haemophilus influenzae, Leptothrichia buccalis, P. intermedia, Propionybacterium acnes, Porphyromonas endodontalis, P. gingivalis, Staph. aureus, Staph. anaerobius, Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus mitis, T. forsythia, T. denticola, and Treponema socranskii.
Microbiological diversity of periimplantitis biofilm by Sanger sequencing	da Silva et al. [34]	2014	Clinical study	Samples collected from the deepest pocket depth in the test group and from mesial site of healthy implants	20 individuals, 10 with healthy implants and 10 with at least one implant with periimplantitis, both groups with minimum 10 periodontally healthy teeth	Extraction of DNA, PCR amplification of universal 16S rRNA	Fusobacterium nucleatum, Campylobacter gracilis, Dialister invisus, Streptococcus sp., Eubacterium infirmum, Filifactor alocis and Mitsuokella sp., Parvimonas micra and Prevotella intermedia
Analysis of bacterial flora associated with periimplantitis using obligate anaerobic culture technique and 16S rDNA gene sequence	Tamura et al. [35]	2013	Clinical study	Samples collected from the deepest sites of the both groups, test and control	30 patients, 15 diagnosticated with periimplantitis, 15 with healthy implants	Culture technique and 16S rDNA gene sequence	Streptococcus, Eubacterium, Prevotella, Actinomyces, Fusobacterium, Eubacterium nodatum, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Filifactor alocis, E brachy, Parascardovia denticolenns, Parvimonas micra
Microbial profiles of peri-implant mucositis and periimplantitis: submucosal microbial dysbiosis correlates with disease severity	Shi et al. [36]	2022	Cross-sectional study	Samples collected from 64 patients, 27 with perimucositis and 37 with periimplantitis	Patients with periimplantitis or perimucositis presented in Dep. Of Oral Implantology in Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China	DNA extraction, PCR amplification and 16S rRNA gene sequencing	Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium, Treponema and Prevotella, Campylobacter, Filifactor, Alloprevotella
Exploring the microbiome of healthy and diseased peri-implant sites using Illumina sequencing	Sanz-Martin et al. [37]	2017	Clinical study	Sample collection from 32 healthy implants and from 35 implants affected by periimplantitis	Patients with healthy implants and with periimplantitis presented in center of Dental Medicine at the University of Zürich	Bacterial nucleic acids isolation, sample DNA analyzed by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 hypervariable region	Porphyromonas (phylum Bacteroidetes), Treponema (phylum Spirochetes), Filifactor (phylum Firmicutes), Fretibacterium (phylum Synergistetes) and Tannerella (phylum Bacteroidetes)
Intra-oral single-site comparisons of periodontal and peri-implant microbiota in health and disease	Yu et al. [38]	2019	Clinical study	Samples collected from 4 sites for each patient: Healthy implant, healthy tooth, periimplantitis site and periodontitis site	18 Chinese partial dentate patients with both periimplantitis and periodontitis	DNA extraction, PCR amplification	Bacteroidetes and Prevotella taxa (including P. denticola, P. multiformis and P. fusca).
Identification of microbiota in periimplantitis pockets by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry	Yeh et al. [39]	2019	Clinical study	Samples collected from periimplantitis pockets	12 patients with periimplantitis	Culture examination	Neisseria flavescen, Streptococcus constellatus, Slackia exigua, Streptococcus intermedius, Fusobacteriumnucleatum, Gemella morbillorum and Gram-positive anaerobic Bacillus
Intraindividual variation in core microbiota in periimplantitis and periodontitis	Maruyama et al. [40]	2014	Clinical study	Samples collected from the deepest pockets in periimplantitis sites and in periodontitis sites	20 Patients with both periimplantitis and periodontitis	DNA extraction and PCR amplification of 16S rRNA genes	Olsenella, Sphingomonas, Peptostreptococcus, unclassified Neisseriaceae, genus Desulfomicrobium, Actinomyces johnsonii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus oralis, Treponema denticola, and Treponema socranskii Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Actinomyces massiliensis, and Porphyromonas sp.
The severity of human periimplantitislesions correlates with the level of submucosal microbial dysbiosis	Kröger et al. [41]	2018	Cohort study or case–control study	Samples collected from all 45 implants affected by periimplantitis	30 patients with at list one implant with periimplantitis	DNA extraction and PCR amplification of 16S rRNA genes	Eubacteriaceae, Fretibacterium sp., Fretibacterium fastidiosum, Peptostreptococcaceae, Alloprevotella sp., Fastidiosipila sanguinis, Filifactor alocis, Peptostreptococcaceae, Bacteriodetes bacterium, Treponema parvum, Clostridiales bacterium, and Orobacterium, Granulicatella elegans, Rothia aeria, Corynebacterium durum, Veillonella dispar, Acinetobacter