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Anti-inflammatory effects of pinosylvin. This figure illustrates the ability of pinosylvin to reduce the expression of some proinflammatory cytokines and enzymes, probably via the inactivation of NF-κB and the PI3K/Akt pathway. Abbreviations: NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; NO, nitric oxide; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; IL6, interleukin 6; MCP1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.
