Table 5.

Poultry models of orthopedic infections.

Model/Strain	Gender	Age/Weight	Microorganism/Concentration	Disease Model	Site of Inoculum	Timepoint	Aim of the Study	Results	Ref.
Fowl Rhode Island Red	na	4–6 weeks	S. pyogenes; 3 strains: Strain 1641; Strain 8217 phage type 81/+; strain 8272 type 29/7/42E/42D/81. 0–108 CFU	Spondylitis	Intravenous	15–18 days	To describe outbreaks caused by S. pyogenes and report the disease’s experimental reproduction.	The condition was not verified on individual birds but on a flock basis; furthermore, did not appear to be related to particular poultry breeds.	[206]
Broiler	M	29–days	S. aureus phage type 6/42E/53/77/83A/84. 1 × 104 to 108 CFU/kg	Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis	Wing vein	6, 12, 24, 48, 96, and 192 h	To describe a highly reproducible experimental model of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in chickens closely mimics the human disease.	Osteomyelitis was produced quite easily. Within the periosteum adjacent to the metaphysis lesions were observed, while in the lungs, liver and kidneys, no bacterial lesions were observed.	[129]
Broiler	M	35–days	S. aureus. 105 CFU in one group and 107 CFU in the other.	Acute osteomyelitis	Intravenous	14 days	To record a flock outbreak of femoral head necrosis in broiler chickens due to infection with S. aureus.	It has been observed that. S. aureus is a pathogen with a tropism for bone growth.	[205]
Broiler	M	30–days	S. aureus strain Duntravis, capsular type 8 isolate. 105, 106, or 107 CFU	Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis	Intravenous	14 days	To study the occurrence, magnitude, and kinetics of bacteremia and the resultant osteomyelitis and septic arthritis	From 1 to 23 h after inoculation, osteomyelitis remained uniform in continuously bacteremic animals	[204]

Abbreviations: na = not available.