Table 7.

A comprehensive summary of laser-based assessment techniques for retaining walls.

Reference	Laser-Based Scanning Device	Type of Assessment	Post-Processing Method(s)
[16]	N/A	Moisture detection	Reflectivity analysis
[93]	Riegl VZ-400	Displacement measurement	Difference analysis
[94]	Riegl LMS Z-390i	Morphologic characterization	Raster image and watershed segmentation
[95]	Leica ScanStation C10	Change detection	K-means clustering and difference analysis
[96]	Leica P40 and FARO Focus 3D	Wall segmentation	Continuous wavelet transform and dilation process
[97]	Riegl VUX-1HA and ZF Profile 9012	Displacement measurement
[98]	Trimble TX8 and Leica C10	Defect detection	Point cloud analysis
[99]	GNSS Leica GS15 and CS15	Defect detection	Dsm analysis
[100]	Zoller + Frohlick 9012	Displacement measurement