Table 1.
Tick-borne pathogens detected in domestic animals or engorged ticks found on domestic animals in the Mediterranean Basin.
| Pathogen | Zoonotic (Yes/No) | Engorged Positive Ticks Collected from Hosts | Positive Tick Hosts | Positive Pathogen Hosts | Countries | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parasites: Nematoda | ||||||
| Cercopithifilaria | ||||||
| Cercopithifilaria bainae | No | Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Dog | Dog | Greece, Italy | [22,23] |
| Parasites: Apicomplexa | ||||||
| Babesia | ||||||
| Babesia spp. | Hyalomma excavatum, Hyalomma marginatum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Cattle | Cattle, Dog, Donkey, Goats, Pigs, Sheep | Egypt, Italy, Morocco, Turkey | [24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33] | |
| Babesia bigemina | No |
Hyalomma marginatum, Rhipicephalus (B) annulatus, Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
Cattle, Dog, Sheep | Cattle, Pig, Sheep | Algeria, Egypt, Italy, Turkey | [29,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42] |
| Babesia bovis | Yes | Dermacentor marginatus, Hyalomma marginatum, Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Cattle, Goat, Sheep | Buffalo, Cattle | Algeria, Egypt, Italy, Turkey | [29,30,32,34,35,39,40,41,43,44] |
| Babesia caballi | No | Rhipicephalus (B) annulatus | Cattle | Dog, Donkey, Horse | Croatia, France, Italy, | [32,42,45,46,47] |
| Babesia canis | No | Dermacentor reticulatus, Ixodes hexagonus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Dog | Dog | Croatia, France, Italy, Spain, Turkey | [27,32,37,41,45,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60] |
| Babesia capreoli | No | Ixodes hexagonus, Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Dog | data not found | Italy | [60] |
| Babesia divergens | Yes | Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Dog | Cattle | France, Italy | [60,61,62] |
| Babesia equi | No | data not found | data not found | Horse | Italy | [63] |
| Babesia gibsoni | No | Dermacentor reticulatus, Ixodes hexagonus, Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Dog | Dog | Croatia, Italy, Spain | [45,48,51,59] |
| Babesia major | No | data not found | data not found | Cattle | France, Turkey | [36,50] |
| Babesia microti | Yes | Dermacentor marginatus, Ixodes hexagonus, Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Dog, Goat, Sheep | Cat, Dog | Italy, Turkey | [32,37,41,60,64] |
| Babesia motasi | No | data not found | data not found | Sheep | Spain | [65] |
| Babesia occultans | No | data not found | data not found | Cattle | Egypt | [35] |
| Babesia ovis | No | Dermacentor marginatus, Haemaphysalis concinna, Haemaphysalis parva, Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Dog, Goat, Sheep | Cattle, Goat, Sheep | Algeria, Italy, Palestine, Spain, Turkey | [25,33,36,37,41,65,66,67,68] |
| Babesia venatorum | Yes | Ixodes hexagonus, Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Dog | data not found | Italy | [60] |
| Babesia vogeli | No | Dermacentor marginatus, Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Cat, Dog, Goat, Sheep | Dog | Croatia, Cyprus, France, Italy, Palestine, Spain, Turkey | [27,41,45,49,51,56,57,59,67,69,70,71,72,73] |
| Hepatozoon | ||||||
| Hepatozoon spp. | Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Dog | Cat, Dog | Croatia, Cyprus, Italy, Spain, Turkey | [22,23,27,51,52,67,69,72,74,75,76,77] | |
| Hepatozoon canis | No | Haemaphysalis parva, Ixodes hexagonus, Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Dog | Cat, Dog | Croatia, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Palestine, Spain, Turkey | [22,23,27,50,51,52,67,69,72,75,77,78,79] |
| Hepatozoon felis | No | Haemaphysalis concinna, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Dog | Cat | Greece, Italy, Turkey | [22,75,80] |
| Theileria | ||||||
| Theileria spp. | Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma dromedarii, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Cattle, Dromedary | Cat, Cattle, Dogs, Donkey, Goat, Pigs, Sheep | Algeria, Egypt, Italy, Spain, Turkey | [26,30,32,51,65,68,81,82,83,84,85] | |
| Theileria annae | No | Dermacentor reticulatus, Ixodes hexagonus, Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Dog | Cattle, Dog, Donkey, Horse | Croatia, France, Italy, Spain | [29,45,47,48,56,86] |
| Theileria annulata | No | Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma detritum, Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma excavatum, Rhipicephalus (B) annulatus | Cattle, Dromedary, Sheep | Buffalo, Cattle, Dromedary, Donkey, Goat, Pig, Sheep | Algeria, Egypt, Italy, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey | [28,32,33,34,35,36,37,40,44,83,84,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95] |
| Theileria buffeli | No |
Dermacentor marginatus, Haemaphysalis punctata, Hyalomma marginatum, Ixodes hexagonus, Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus (B) annulatus, Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
Cat, Cattle, Dog, Goat | Cattle, Horse | Algeria, France, Italy, Spain, Turkey | [36,38,42,44,50,60,86] |
| Theileria cervi | No | Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Dog | Data not found | Italy | [60] |
| Theileria equi | No | Hyalomma marginatum, Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus (B) annulatus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Cattle, Dog, Horse | Cattle, Dog, Donkey, Horse | Algeria, Croatia, Italy, Spain | [32,38,41,42,44,45,47,51,63,78,96] |
| Theileria lestoquardi | No | data not found | data not found | Buffalo, Sheep | Egypt, Turkey | [82,89] |
| Theileria luwenshuni | No | data not found | data not found | Goat, Sheep | Turkey | [68] |
| Theileria orientalis | No | Ixodes hexagonus, Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus (B) annulatus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Cattle, Dog | Buffalo, Cattle | Algeria, Egypt, Italy | [40,42,60,95] |
| Theileria ovis | No | Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Goat, Sheep | Buffalo, Goat, Sheep | Algeria, France, Greece, Palestine, Spain, Turkey | [22,37,44,50,65,66,67,68,81,97] |
| Theileria uilenbergi | No | data not found | data not found | Buffalo, Goat, Sheep | Egypt, Turkey | [68,89] |
| Theileria sergenti | No | Ixodes hexagonus, Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus (B) annulatus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Cattle, Dog | Cattle, Horse | Italy, Spain | [42,47,60,86] |
| Bacteria | ||||||
| Anaplasma | ||||||
| Anaplasma spp. | Argas persicus, Hyalomma excavatum, Hyalomma marginatum, Rhipicephalus spp., Rhipicephalus (B) annulatus, Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Cattle, Chicken, Dogs, Dromedary, Goats, Horse, Sheep | Cat, Cattle, Dog, Donkey, Dromedary, Goat, Horse, Pig, Sheep | Algeria, France, Greece, Italy, Morocco, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey, Palestine | [24,26,68,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111] | |
| Anaplasma bovis | No | data not found | data not found | Cattle, Goat, Sheep | Italy, Tunisia | [30,100] |
| Anaplasma centrale | No | Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Cattle, Dog | Cattle, Goat | Italy, Morocco, Turkey | [24,30,98,100,112,113] |
| Anaplasma marginale | No |
Haemaphysalis punctata, Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
Cattle, Dog | Buffalo, Cat, Cattle, Dog, Donkey, Goat, Horse, Pig, Sheep | Algeria, Egypt, France, Italy, Morocco, Tunisia, Turkey | [30,32,33,34,35,39,43,44,98,100,103,105,112,113,114,115] |
| Anaplasma ovis | No | Haemaphysalis punctata, Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Cattle, Dog, Horse, Goat, Sheep | Cattle, Dog, Goat, Horse, Sheep | Algeria, France, Italy, Morocco, Tunisia, Turkey | [44,60,66,68,100,101,105,113,115,116,117,118,119,120,121] |
| Anaplasma phagocytophilum | Yes |
Haemaphysalis sulcata, Hyalomma marginatum, Ixodes hexagonus, Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
Cat, Dog, Goat, Horse, Sheep | Cat, Cattle, Dog, Donkey, Goat, Horse, Sheep | Algeria, Croatia, Egypt, France, Greece, Italy, Morocco, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey | [24,32,46,51,53,55,63,68,78,96,100,104,105,112,115,117,120,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141] |
| Anaplasma platys | Yes | Hyalomma spp., Ixodes hexagonus, Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus (B) annulatus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Cattle, Dog, Dromedary, Goat, Horse, Sheep | Buffalo, Cattle, Dog, Dromedary | Algeria, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Italy, Morocco, Palestine, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey | [22,23,35,44,51,60,69,71,72,101,104,108,111,113,116,123,133,140,142,143,144,145,146,147,148] |
| Bartonella | ||||||
| Bartonella spp. |
Rhipicephalus (B) annulatus, Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
Cattle, Dog, Goat | Cat, Dog | Italy, Spain | [85,119,139,149,150] | |
| Bartonella clarridgeiae | Yes | data not found | data not found | Cat | Italy | [151] |
| Bartonella henselae | Yes | Ixodes ricinus | Cat, Dog | Cat, Dog | Algeria, Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Spain | [69,99,126,138,140,144,150,151,152,153,154,155,156] |
| Bartonella vinsonii | Yes | data not found | data not found | Cattle, Dog, Goat | Greece, Morocco | [157,158] |
| Bartonella vinsonii berkhoffi | Yes | Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Dog | Dog | Italy, Spain | [72,78,140] |
| Borrelia | ||||||
| Borrelia spp. | Argas persicus, Hyalomma aegyptium, Rhipicephalus (B) annulatus | Cattle, chicken, Dog, Goat, Horses, Sheep | Cattle | Algeria, Turkey | [44,102,159] | |
| Borrelia afzelii | Yes | Ixodes hexagonus, Ixodes ricinus | Dog | data not found | Italy, Spain | [51,60] |
| Borrelia burgdoferi sensus lato | Yes | Hyalomma marginatum, Ixodes hexagonus, Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus (B) annulatus, Rhipicephalus bursa | Cattle, Dog | Dog, Horse | Croatia, Italy | [53,60,110,128,149] |
| Borrelia garinii | Yes | Ixodes ricinus | Dog | data not found | Spain | [51] |
| Borrelia theileri | No | data not found | data not found | Goat, Sheep | Algeria | [66] |
| Borrelia valaisiana | Yes | Ixodes ricinus | Dog | data not found | Spain | [51] |
| Chlamydia | ||||||
| Chlamydia abortus | Yes | Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus (B) annulatus, Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Cat, Cattle, Dog, Goat, Sheep | data not found | Italy | [154,160] |
| Chlamydophila | ||||||
| Chlamydophila psittaci | Yes | Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Cat, Cattle, Dog, Goat, Sheep | data not found | Italy | [154,160] |
| Coxiella | ||||||
| Coxiella burnetii | Yes | Argas persicus, Dermacentor marginatus, Haemaphysalis punctata, Haemaphysalis sulcata, Hyalomma spp., Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma marginatum, Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Cattle, Chicken, Dog, Dromedary, Goat, Rabbit, Sheep | Buffalo, Cat, Cattle, Dromedary, Goat, Horse, Sheep | Algeria, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Italy, Montenegro, Slovenia, Spain, Tunisia | [32,66,74,78,119,139,153,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177] |
| Ehrlichia | ||||||
| Ehrlichia spp. | Haemaphysalis parva, Hyalomma spp., Hyalomma excavatum, Hyalomma marginatum, Ixodes hexagonus, Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus (B) annulatus, Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Buffalo, Cattle, Dog, Sheep | Cattle, Dog, Goat, Sheep | Egypt, France, Italy, Palestine, Spain, Turkey | [26,60,68,85,99,110,111,112,149,170] | |
| Ehrlichia canis | Yes |
Dermacentor marginatus, Haemaphysalis punctata, Haemaphysalis sulcata Hyalomma spp., Hyalomma excavatum, Ixodes hexagonus, Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes ventalloi, Rhipicephalus (B) annulatus, Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
Buffalo, Cat, Cattle, Dog, Goat, Sheep | Cat, Dog | Algeria, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece, Italy, Palestine, Spain, Turkey |
[32,53,55,60,72,73,74,78,103,106,107,111,119,123,126,127,129,138,139,143,144,146,153,170,178,179,180,181,182] |
| Ehrlichia equi | Yes | data not found | data not found | Horse | Italy | [32] |
| Ehrlichia ewingii | Yes | data not found | data not found | Dog | Cyprus | [143] |
| Ehrlichia minancensis | No | Hyalomma marginatum, Rhipicephalus bursa | Cattle, Goat | data not found | France | [183] |
| Candidatus | ||||||
| Candidatus Ehrlichia urmitei | No | Rhipicephalus (B) annulatus | Cattle, Goat, Horse, Sheep | data not found | Algeria | [44] |
| Noehrlichia | ||||||
| Noehrlichia mikurensis | Yes | Ixodes ricinus | Cattle | data not found | Spain | [137] |
| Francisella | ||||||
| Francisella spp. | Yes | Hyalomma marginatum, Rhipicephalus (B) annulatus, Rhipicephalus bursa | Cattle | data not found | Italy | [149] |
| Leptopsira | ||||||
| Leptopsira spp. | Yes | data not found | data not found | Buffalo, Cattle, Dromedary, Sheep | Egypt | [184] |
| Mycoplasma | ||||||
| Mycoplasma spp. | data not found | data not found | Goat, Sheep | Morocco | [109] | |
| Mycoplasma haemocanis | No | data not found | data not found | Dog | Greece, Turkey | [26,52,185,186] |
| Mycoplasma haemofelis | No | data not found | data not found | Cat | Cyprus | [178] |
| Candidatus | ||||||
| Candidatus Mycoplasma haemonutum | No | data not found | data not found | Cat | Cyprus | [178] |
| Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum | No | data not found | data not found | Dog | Greece, Turkey | [26,52,185,186] |
| Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis | No | data not found | data not found | Cat | Cyprus | [178] |
| Rickettsia | ||||||
| Rickettsia spp. | Dermacentor marginatus, Haemaphysalis sulcata, Hyalomma spp., Hyalomma aegyptium, Hyalomma detritum, Hyalomma dromaderii, Hyalomma impeltatum, Hyalomma marginatum, Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus spp. Rhipicephalus (B) annulatus, Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus pusillus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Cat, Cattle, Chicken, Dog, Donkey, Dromedary, Goat, Horse, Sheep | Cat, Dog, Horse | Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Italy, Palestine, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey | [85,99,102,138,139,149,159,170,187,188,189,190,191,192,193] | |
| Rickettsia aeschlimannii | Yes |
Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma impeltatum, Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma rufipes, Ixodes ricinus |
Cattle, Dromedary, Goat | Dromedary, Horse | Egypt, France, Israel, Spain, Tunisia | [170,175,193,194,195,196,197,198] |
| Rickettsia africae | Yes | Amblyomma variegatum, Hyalomma spp., Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma excavatum, Hyalomma impeltatum, Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma turanicum | Cattle, Donkey, Dromedary, Goat, Sheep | Dromedary | Egypt, France, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Palestine, Tunisia, Turkey | [189,190,194,197,199,200,201] |
| Rickettsia conorii | Yes | Hyalomma marginatum, Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Cattle, Dog, Donkey, Goat, Sheep | Cat, Dog | Greece, Italy, Spain, Tunisia | [106,119,138,140,141,173,179,182,189,191,202,203,204,205,206] |
| Rickettsia conorii israelensis | Yes | Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Dog, Goat | data not found | Italy | [119,207] |
| Rickettsia felis | Yes | Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Cat, Dog, Sheep | data not found | Italy, Spain | [208,209] |
| Rickettsia helvetica | Yes | Hyalomma impeltatum, Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes ventalloi | Cat, Cattle, Dromedary | Dromedary | Algeria, Italy, Tunisia | [73,154,201,210] |
| Rickettsia hoogstraalii | Unknown | Haemaphysalis parva, Haemaphysalis sulcata | Dog, Sheep | data not found | Greece, Italy | [22,119] |
| Rickettsia massiliae | Yes |
Haemaphysalis adleri, Haemaphysalis parva, Rhipicephalus (B) annulatus, Rhipicephalus bursa Rhipicephalus pusillus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
Cattle, Dog, Goat, Horse, Sheep | Cat, Dog, Dromedary | Algeria, Cyprus, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Palestine, Spain, Tunisia | [22,44,51,58,137,153,173,190,191,192,193,195,201,205,207,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217] |
| Rickettsia monacensis | Yes | Hyalomma impeltatum, Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Cat, Cattle, Dog, Dromedary, Goat | Dromedary | Algeria, France, Greece, Italy, Spain, Tunisia | [51,137,195,201,210,216,218,219] |
| Rickettsia raoultii | Yes | Dermacentor reticulatus, Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Cattle, Dog | data not found | Algeria, Spain, Turkey | [200,210,220] |
| Rickettsia rickettsii | Yes | data not found | data not found | Dog | Italy | [141] |
| Rickettsia rhipicephali | Unkown | Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Cattle, Dog, Goat | data not found | Greece | [173,205] |
| Rickettsia sibirica mongolotimonae | Yes | Hyalomma excavatum | Goat, Sheep | data not found | Cyprus | [212] |
| Rickettsia slovaca | Yes | Dermacento marginatus, Haemaphysalis punctata | Cattle, Dog, Donkey, Sheep, Pig | Cattle, Goat, Sheep | France, Italy, Spain, Turkey | [189,192,193,195,200,209,221,222] |
| Rickettsia typhi | Yes | data not found | data not found | Cat | Greece | [155] |
| Candidatus | ||||||
| Candidatus Rickettsia goldwasserii | Unknown | Haemaphysalis adleri, Haemaphysalis parva, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Dog, Goat, Horse, Sheep | data not found | Palestine | [190] |
| Candidatus Rickettsia barbariae | Unknown | Hyalomma dromedarii, Rhipicephalus (B) annulatus, Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Cattle, Dog, Goat, Horse, Sheep | data not found | Cyprus, France, Italy, Lebanon, Palestine | [119,190,195,212] |
| Viruses | ||||||
| Capripoxvirus | ||||||
| Lumpy skin disease virus | Yes | Amblyomma spp., Amblyomma hebreaum, Hyalomma truncatum, Rhipicephalus (B) annulatus, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus (B) microplus | Cattle | data not found | Egypt | [223] |
| Flavivirus | ||||||
| Tick-borne encephalitis | Yes | Ixodes ricinus | Goat | Goat | Greece, Italy | [224,225] |
| Orthonairovirus | ||||||
| Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever | Yes | Dermacentor marginatus, Haemaphysalis parva, Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma excavatum, Hyalomma lusitanicum, Hyalomma marginatum, Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus spp., Rhipicephalus bursa s.l., Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. | Buffalo, Cattle, Dromedary, Dog, Goat, Sheep | Buffalo, Cattle, Goat, Sheep | Albania, Greece, Egypt, Spain, Turkey | [184,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235] |