Table 1.
Sociodemographic background, health belief model (HBM), and concerns over the COVID-19 surrounding situation according to vaccine intention.
| Total | Vaccine Intention | p-Value c | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active Intention | Slightly Less Intention | No Intention | ||||||||
| (N = 1776) | (N = 1007; 56.7%) | (N = 613; 34.5%) | (N = 156; 8.8%) | |||||||
| Sociodemographic background | ||||||||||
| Age | Years a | 20.9 ± 4.1 | 21.3 ± 4.8 | 20.2 ± 3.0 | 20.3 ± 1.9 | <0.001 | ||||
| Sex | Female | 824 | (46.4) | 461 | (45.8) | 300 | (49.0) | 63 | (40.4) | 0.128 |
| Male | 951 | (53.6) | 546 | (54.2) | 312 | (51.0) | 93 | (59.6) | ||
| Study course | Non-healthcare | 1323 | (74.6) | 667 | (66.4) | 515 | (84.2) | 141 | (90.4) | <0.001 |
| Healthcare | 450 | (25.4) | 338 | (33.6) | 97 | (15.9) | 15 | (9.6) | ||
| Smoking habits | No | 1721 | (97.3) | 974 | (97.1) | 600 | (98.2) | 147 | (94.8) | 0.062 |
| Yes | 48 | (2.7) | 29 | (2.9) | 11 | (1.8) | 8 | (5.2) | ||
| Drinking habits | g/week a | 20.7 ± 58.7 | 22.5 ± 61.3 | 15.5 ± 46.9 | 29.6 ± 79.2 | 0.010 | ||||
| Normal (ethanol consumption < 140 g/week) | 1664 | (95.5) | 944 | (95.5) | 582 | (96.5) | 138 | (92.0) | 0.056 | |
| Heavy (ethanol consumption ≥ 140 g/week) | 78 | (4.5) | 45 | (4.6) | 21 | (3.5) | 12 | (8.0) | ||
| Exercise habits | METs * hour/week | 21.2 ± 44.8 | 22.7 ± 54.6 | 18.5 ± 25.6 | 21.7 ± 31.0 | 0.197 | ||||
| Components of the HBM a | ||||||||||
| Perceived susceptibility | ||||||||||
| I might get infected with COVID-19. | 3.8 ± 1.2 | 4.0 ± 1.1 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 3.5 ± 1.3 | <0.001 | |||||
| I might spread COVID-19 if I get infected. | 4.4 ± 0.9 | 4.5 ± 0.9 | 4.4 ± 0.9 | 4.2 ± 1.1 | 0.006 | |||||
| Perceived severity | ||||||||||
| I believe that COVID-19 is a life-threating disease for me. | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 3.8 ± 1.2 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 3.3 ± 1.4 | <0.001 | |||||
| I believe that there will be serious social consequences if I get infected. | 3.8 ± 1.2 | 3.9 ± 1.2 | 3.8 ± 1.2 | 3.3 ± 1.4 | <0.001 | |||||
| Perceived benefits | ||||||||||
| I believe that a COVID-19 vaccine will protect me from getting infected. | 3.7 ± 1.0 | 3.9 ± 0.9 | 3.5 ± 1.0 | 2.9 ± 1.2 | <0.001 | |||||
| Perceived barriers | ||||||||||
| I am worried about the side effects of COVID-19 vaccine. | 3.7 ± 1.3 | 3.5 ± 1.3 | 4.0 ± 1.2 | 4.1 ± 1.3 | <0.001 | |||||
| I feel that two shots of the vaccine are troublesome for me. | 2.8 ± 1.3 | 2.6 ± 1.3 | 3.1 ± 1.3 | 3.5 ± 1.4 | <0.001 | |||||
| My parents do not agree with my taking the COVID-19 vaccine. | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 3.0 ± 1.2 | <0.001 | |||||
| Concerns over the COVID-19 surrounding situation (α = 0.704) b | ||||||||||
| Financial strain | 3.3 ± 2.6 | 3.3 ± 2.6 | 3.1 ± 2.5 | 3.9 ± 2.9 | 0.004 | |||||
| Academic career | 3.6 ± 2.6 | 3.4 ± 2.5 | 3.6 ± 2.5 | 4.1 ± 2.9 | 0.003 | |||||
| Leisure | 5.9 ± 3.1 | 6.1 ± 3.0 | 5.4 ± 3.1 | 6.2 ± 3.4 | <0.001 | |||||
| Social support | 4.4 ± 3.0 | 4.5 ± 3.0 | 4.1 ± 2.9 | 4.7 ± 3.2 | 0.007 | |||||
| Physical activity | 3.7 ± 2.6 | 3.7 ± 2.6 | 3.4 ± 2.5 | 4.1 ± 2.7 | 0.003 | |||||
| Total score | 20.8 ± 9.5 | 21.1 ± 9.4 | 19.6 ± 9.2 | 23.1 ± 10.6 | <0.001 | |||||
Notes: a The plus and minus values indicate means ± standard deviation. Numbers and percentages are shown for categorical variables. b The Cronbach’s α indicates internal consistency. c One-way analyses of variance for continuous variables or chi-square test for categorial variables. MET * = metabolic equivalent. HBM = Health Belief Model.