Table 5.
Micronutrients by group (TD, ID only and ID/ASD)†
| Nutrient | TD (n = 55) Adjusted mean (SE) |
ID only (n = 18) Adjusted mean (SE) |
ID/ASD (n = 30) Adjusted mean (SE) |
P-value Test for trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Niacin (mg niacin equivalents) | 32.2 (1.3) | 30.3 (2.2) | 25.5 (1.7) | 0.004 |
| Vitamin B12 (μg) | 4.9 (0.3) | 4.3 (0.4) | 3.7 (0.3) | 0.009 |
| Calcium (mg) | 989.0 (56.6) | 925.6 (92.7) | 872.7 (73.2) | 0.217 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 114.5 (44.7) | 1075.5 (73.3) | 968.0 (57.9) | 0.055 |
| TD Adjusted geometric mean (SE) |
ID only Adjusted geometric mean (SE) |
ID/ASD Adjusted geometric mean (SE) |
P-value Test for trend |
|
| Vitamin A (μg RAE) | 647.2 (1.1) | 578.5 (1.1) | 485.3 (1.1) | 0.025 |
| Vitamin D (μg) | 6.0 (1.1) | 4.9 (1.2) | 4.3 (1.1) | 0.048 |
| Vitamin E (total α-tocopherol, mg) | 5.6 (1.1) | 5.4 (1.1) | 6.6 (1.1) | 0.181 |
| Vitamin K (μg) | 60.7 (1.1) | 49.0 (1.2) | 40.4 (1.2) | 0.037 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 61.9 (1.1) | 59.7 (1.2) | 53.8 (1.2) | 0.480 |
| Thiamin (mg) | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.4 (1.1) | 1.3 (1.1) | 0.077 |
| Folate (μg DFE) | 495.6 (1.1) | 434.5 (1.1) | 360.4 (1.1) | 0.004 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 1.9 (1.1) | 1.8 (1.1) | 1.6 (1.1) | 0.025 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1.5 (1.1) | 1.4 (1.1) | 1.3 (1.1) | 0.127 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 215.5 (1.0) | 208.1 (1.1) | 209.9 (1.1) | 0.716 |
| Iron (mg) | 12.5 (1.1) | 11.4 (1.1) | 10.4 (1.1) | 0.055 |
| Zinc (mg) | 8.6 (1.1) | 8.7 (1.1) | 7.2 (1.1) | 0.038 |
| Sodium (mg)‡ | 2386.6 (1.1) | 2195.8 (1.1) | 1967.1 (1.1) | 0.020 |
| Potassium (mg) | 1937.9 (1.0) | 1902.2 (1.1) | 1847.9 (1.1) | 0.525 |
†
All analyses adjusted for BMI z-score, parent education (college and no college) and race (White and non-White).
‡
Does not include table salt.
ASD, autism spectrum disorder; BMI, body mass index; DFE, dietary folate equivalents; ID, intellectual disability; RAE, retinol activity equivalents; SE, standard error; TD, typically developing.