Figure 5.

(A) Schematic diagram of CO₂ nanobubble physiotherapy mechanism. The nanobomb system can be driven by ultrasound to generate thermal energy through the cavitation effect. (B,C) Characterization of nanobombs based on carbon dioxide nanobubbles in TEM images. (D) Therapeutic outcomes were assessed in vitro by inducing apoptosis in PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells using a constructed CO₂ bubbling-based system. (E) Schematic diagram of the measuring apparatus for in vitro PANC-1 cell experiments. Adapted with permission from Ref. [108]. Copyright 2015 Ivyspring International Publisher.