Fig. 2.

RYGB gut microbiota transfer counters adiposity and metabolic disease in conventionally raised HFD-induced obesity. a–e Relative body weight change (in %; øBW per group: DIO W0: 681.3 g, W5: 762.3 g; FMT^RYGB W0: 528 g, W5: 595.2 g; RYGB W0: 415.3 g, W5: 437.7 g; * DIO vs. RYGB; # DIO vs. FMT^RYGB) (a), final body composition with lean and fat mass (in g) (b), cumulative energy intake of HFD and SC (in g) (c), HFD preference (in %) (d) and food efficiency (in %) (e) in HFD-induced obese (DIO) rats 5 weeks after fecal microbiota transfer (FMT) from RYGB-operated rats (FMT^RYGB) compared to DIO controls. f–i Oral glucose-tolerance tests (oGTT) (f), insulin sensitivity assessed by insulin-tolerance tests (ITT) (g), and plasma GLP-1 (in pM) release at 15 min after oral glucose exposure (h) 5 weeks after FMT. Representative immunofluorescent (IF) insulin-stained pancreas sections (scale bars 50 μm) and quantification of pancreatic islet sizes (in %) in FMT^RYGB rats and DIO controls (i). j–m Liver OilRedO staining (scale bars 200 μm) with quantification of hepatic lipid accumulation (in %) (j). Hepatic cytokine gene expression (k), plasma lipid (in ng/μl) (l), and plasma cytokine levels (in pg/ml) (m) in FMT^RYGB rats and DIO controls. Note that for clarity purposes and in order to reduce animal numbers, data from groups DIO and FMT^RYGB have exceptionally also been used in Supplementary Figure S5. Data are mean ± s.e.m; n = 3–8 animals per group with pooled data from 2 to 3 independent experiments. *,# P < 0.05, **,## P < 0.01, ***,### P < 0.001 by unpaired Student’s t test (for two groups) or two-way ANOVA (multiple groups) with Tukey correction for multiple testing