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. 2022 Jun 24;10:96. doi: 10.1186/s40168-022-01264-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — RYGB microbiota transfer modulates intestinal BA receptor signaling and promotes intestinal health in HFD-induced obesity. a–e Concentrations of unconjugated BA (UBA) species (in μM) (a), glycine (G)- (b) and taurine (T)-conjugated BA (CBA) species (in μM) (c), and of total bile acids in plasma (in μM) (d), ratio of total CBA to UBA (e) and hydrophobicity index (f) in plasma from portal vein collected at 5 weeks after fecal microbiota transfer (FMT) from RYGB-operated rats (FMT^RYGB) compared to their respective controls (DIO rats not receiving RYGB microbiota). g–j Relative mRNA expression of FXR target genes in ileum (g), representative immunofluorescent FXR-stained ileal sections (scale bars 100 μm) (h) and immunohistochemistry FGF19-stained ileal sections (scale bars 200 μm) (i), and relative mRNA expression of target genes involved in BA transport in the ileum (j) of FMT^RYGB and DIO animals. k, l Hepatic mRNA expression of genes involved in BA metabolism (k) and FXR target genes (l). m–o Plasma free taurine concentrations (m) and relative mRNA expression of hepatic target genes involved in taurine metabolism (n). Relative mRNA expression (normalized to DIO) of Tgr5 in ileum and additional organs (o). Data are mean ± s.e.m; n = 6–10 animals per group with pooled data from 3 independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test