Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Author | Country | Year | Design | Duration (month) | n | Drugs (mg) | Age (mean) | M (%) |
HT (%) |
DM (%) |
CKD (%) | CVD (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Doehner[37] | England | 2002 | 2-Arm cross-over | 0.5 | 16 | Allopurinol (300)—placebo/no ULT | 68.5 | 100 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 100 |
| Siu[38] | China | 2006 | 2-Arm parallel | 12.0 | 51 | Allopurinol (200)—placebo/no ULT | 48.3 | 42.4 | 78.4 | 25.5 | 100.0 | N/A |
| Ogino[56] | Japan | 2010 | 2-Arm cross-over | 1.9 | 14 | Benzbromarone (100)—placebo/no ULT | 60.0 | 71.4 | 21.4 | N/A | N/A | 100 |
| Kanbay[39] | Turkey | 2011 | 3-Arm parallel | 4.0 | 67 | Allopurinol (300)—placebo/no ULT | 52.9 | 51 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Jalalzadeh[57] | Iran | 2012 | 2-Arm cross-over | 3.0 | 55 | Allopurinol (100)—placebo/no ULT | 55.9 | 62.3 | 100.0 | N/A | 100.0 | N/A |
| Ejaz[26] | USA | 2013 | 2-Arm parallel | 0.2 | 26 | Rasburicase (7.5)—placebo/no ULT | 62.4 | 69.2 | 100 | 30.8 | 100.0 | 34.7 |
| Sezai[58] | Japan | 2013 | 2-Arm parallel | 6.0 | 141 | Febuxostat (60)—allopurinol (300) | 66.9 | 82.1 | 80.7 | 36.4 | 77.9 | 100 |
| Taheraghdam[59] | Iran | 2014 | 2-Arm parallel | 3.0 | 65 | Allopurinol (200)—placebo/no ULT | 69.1 | 36.0 | 36.0 | 63.5 | N/A | 41.5 |
| Goicoechea[41] | Spain | 2015 | 2-Arm parallel | 84.0 | 113 | Allopurinol (100)—placebo/no ULT | 71.8 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 100.0 | 33.1 |
| Liu[60] | China | 2015 | 2-Arm parallel | 36.0 | 176 | Allopurinol (100)—placebo/no ULT | 50.5 | 48.3 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Sircar[61] | India | 2015 | 2-Arm parallel | 6.0 | 108 | Febuxostat (40)—placebo/no ULT | 57.3 | 70.5 | 98 | 37.5 | 100.0 | 37.5 |
| Takir[62] | Turkey | 2015 | 3-Arm parallel | 3.0 | 73 | Allopurinol (300)—placebo/no ULT | 51.1 | 49.2 | 54.7 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Nakagomi[63] | Japan | 2015 | 2-Arm parallel | 12.0 | 61 | Febuxostat (40)—allopurinol (300) | 70.6 | 69.5 | 93.7 | 34.4 | N/A | N/A |
| Tani[64] | Japan | 2015 | 2-Arm parallel | 6.0 | 60 | Febuxostat (10)—placebo/no ULT | 68.0 | 93.5 | 100.0 | 31.5 | 43.5 | 31.5 |
| Tsuruta[65] | Japan | 2015 | 2-Arm parallel | 0.9 | 54 | Febuxostat (10)—placebo/no ULT | 68.3 | 64.2 | 79.3 | 41.4 | 100.0 | 58.5 |
| Beddhu[66] | USA | 2016 | 2-Arm parallel | 5.6 | 80 | Febuxostat (80)—placebo/no ULT | 63.5 | 35 | 77.5 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 36.3 |
| Kojima[67] | Japan | 2016 | 2-Arm cross-over | 0.9 | 14 | Benzbromarone (400)—allopurinol (25) | 70.0 | 71.0 | 100 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Golmohammadi[68] | Iran | 2017 | 2-Arm parallel | 12.0 | 196 | Allopurinol (100)—placebo/no ULT | N/A | 54.6 | 60.7 | 40.3 | 100 | N/A |
| McMullan[69] | USA | 2017 | 3-Arm parallel | 1.9 | 149 | Probenecid (500)—allopurinol (300)—placebo/no ULT | 40.4 | 49.7 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Jalal[70] | USA | 2017 | 2-Arm parallel | 2.8 | 80 | Allopurinol (300)—placebo/no ULT | 57.4 | 80 | N/A | 61.0 | 100 | 45.1 |
| Kimura[27] | Japan | 2018 | 2-Arm parallel | 25.2 | 441 | Febuxostat (40)—placebo/no ULT | 65.4 | 77.3 | 34.9 | 48.0 | 100 | 21.8 |
| Mukri[29] | Malaysia | 2018 | 2-Arm parallel | 6.0 | 100 | Febuxostat (40)—placebo/no ULT | 65.5 | 53.5 | 46.5 | N/A | 100 | 30 |
| Kojima[28] | Japan | 2019 | 2-Arm parallel | 36.0 | 1070 | Febuxostat (40)—allopurinol | 75.7 | 69.4 | 94.1 | 37.0 | 66.1 | 25.7 |
CKD Chronic kidney disease, CVD Cardiovascular disease, DM Diabetes mellitus, HT Hypertension, M Male, n Number of participants, N/A Not available, ULT Urate-lowering therapy, USA United States of America