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. 2022 Jun 11;14(6):1238. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061238

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Activation of dendritic cells by NCMPs carrying different NP formulations containing adsorbed or encapsulated PspA4Pro. NPs were prepared with or without chitosan hydrochloride (HCl-CS) and contain PspA4Pro adsorbed onto the surface (a,b) or encapsulated into the NPs (c,d). Percentage of CD80+ DCs (a,c); percentage of CD86+ DCs (b,d). Significant differences in relation to the control group without stimulus are indicated (one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s comparison test). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.