Table 2.
Summary of the interactive effects of nanoplastics (NPs) and other small plastics (<100 μm) with environmental parameters or stressors.
| Environmental Factors | Plastic Type * and Size # | Main Effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Temperature | COOH-PS-NPs (500 nm) | Temperature increases the impact of genotypic immunological responses of daphnids to plastics. | [126] |
| Temperature | MPs (1–5 µm, polymer not described) and secondary PE-MPs (1–10 µm) | Rising temperature increases acute sensitivity to MPs in daphnids, but not in ceriodaphnids. | [127] |
| Temperature | PE-MPs (1–5 μm) | Daphnid MP-driven population fitness is unaffected by high temperatures. | [128] |
| Temperature | PS-MPs (5–100 µm) | Co-exposure to elevated temperatures and ammonia increases the impacts of MPs on daphnid survival and feeding rate. | [129] |
| Temperature | PE-MPs (1–5 µm) | Higher water temperatures increase MP-exposed fish mortality and decrease predatory performance. | [130] |
| Temperature | PE-MPs (70–88 μm) | Temperature rise enhances MP bioaccumulation but does not affect fish survival or predatory performance. | [131] |
| Salinity | PS-NPs COOH-PS-NPs, and NH2-PS-NPs (100 nm) | High salinity causes NP aggregation and sedimentation. | [132] |
| Salinity | PMMA-NPs, COOH-PPMA-NPs, and blue and red PS-NPs (55 to 62 nm) | Effects of salinity on NP aggregation depend on NP composition and surface chemistry. | [133] |
| Salinity | PS-NPs (40 nm) | The sorption capacity of NPs to ciprofloxacin and bisphenol A increases as salinity increases. However, it is reduced at extreme salinities. | [134] |
| Salinity | PE-MPs (10−180 μm) and PS-NPs (70 nm) | Higher salinities increase the sorption of PCBs to PE-MPs and PS-NPs. | [84] |
| pH | HDPE-MPs (3–16 µm), PS-MPs (10 µm), and PS-COOH-MPs (10 µm) | Higher pH values enhance the sorption of perfluoroalkyl compounds to MPs. | [135] |
| Natural organic matter | PS-NPs (110 nm) | Natural organic matter, humic acid, and fulvic acid reduce the acute toxicity of PS-NPs to daphnids. Natural organic matter and humic acid mitigate the expression of genes related to detoxification, oxidative stress, and endocrine activity. | [136] |
| Natural organic matter | PS-NPs (50–300 nm) | Decreases aggregation of NPs and toxicity to daphnids. | [132] |
| Food availability | PS-MPs (2 μm) | Daphnids select natural food over MPs with abundant food supply. | [137] |
| Food availability | PS-MPs (15 μm) | Reduces ingestion of MPs by daphnids at higher algal levels. | [138] |
| Food availability | PE-MPs (2.6 µm), MP (1–5 μm, polymer not described) | Food availability has no impact on MP ingestion in daphnids | [139] |
| Food availability | PE-MP (20 µm) | Food availability does not affect food ingestion in copepods | [140] |
* Surface group functionalization is represented by COOH, NH2, or HSO3. # The nominal value from a commercial source, or the value measured using electron microscopy or dynamic zeta potential (hydrodynamic diameter). Due to the limited number of studies with NPs, data addressing MPs are also included but narrowed to small MPs up to 100 µm. Abbreviations: PCBs stands for polychlorinated biphenyls; PFOS stands for perfluoro octane sulfonate; and FOSA stands for perfluorooctanesulfonamide.