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. 2022 Jun 13;14(12):2445. doi: 10.3390/nu14122445

Table 1.

Pharmacokinetics of plasma metabolites after consumption of the GCPE nutraceutical containing 300 mg of hydroxycinnamic acids at the beginning (week 0) and the end of the intervention (week 8).

Cmax (µM) Tmax (h) or Range a AUC0–24h (µM min−1)
Metabolite Week 0 Week 8 Week 0 Week 8 Week 0 Week 8
Intestinal absorption
5-Caffeoylquinic acid 0.023 ± 0.001 0.022 ± 0.001 1.3 ± 0.2 ** 0.7 ± 0.1 ** 0.08 ± 0.02 0.062 ± 0.009
5-Feruloylquinic acid 0.032 ± 0.004 0.034 ± 0.005 0.9 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.1 0.09 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.02
4-Feruloylquinic acid 0.029 ± 0.004 0.031 ± 0.004 0.9 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.1 0.06 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01
4′-Hydroxy-3′-methoxycinnamic acid
(Ferulic acid, FA) 		Traces b,** 0.008 ± 0.001 ** 1.8 ± 0.6 * 0.6 ± 0.1 * 0.034 ± 0.006 ** 0.09 ± 0.02 **
3′-Hydroxy-4′-methoxycinnamic acid
(isoFerulic acid, iFA)		 0.023 ± 0.006 0.032 ± 0.007 0.5 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0 0.025 ± 0.007 ** 0.043 ± 0.008 **
3′,4′-Dimethoxycinnamic acid Traces b Traces b (2–4) a (2–4) a 0.007 ± 0.003 0.01 ± 0.006
3′-Methoxycinnamic acid-4′-glucuronide
(FA-4′-glucuronide)		 0.016 ± 0.009 0.009 ± 0.002 1.2 ± 0.3 and 4.7 ± 0.3 1.2 ± 0.3 and 6.0 ± 0.7 0.06 ± 0.01 0.063 ± 0.02
3′-Methoxycinnamic acid-4′-sulfate
(FA-4′-sulfate) 		0.017 ± 0.004 0.017 ± 0.004 0.78 ± 0.09 and 6.8 ± 0.7 0.56 ± 0.06 and 7.2 ± 0.6 0.11 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.02
Cinnamic acid-4′-glucuronide
(CoA-4′-glucuronide) 		0.039 ± 0.002 0.038 ± 0.002 1.4 ± 0.3 and 7.0 ± 0.9 2.1 ± 0.2 and 9 ± 2 0.72 ± 0.08 0.71 ± 0.07
Cinnamic acid-4′-sulfate
(CoA-4′-sulfate) 		0.02 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.01 1.7 ± 0.9 and 6 ± 3 0 ± 0 and 11 ± 3 0.2 ± 0.2 0.4 ± 0.2
Colonic absorption
3-(3′,4′-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (Dihydrocaffeic acid, DHCA) 0.22 ± 0.06 0.22 ± 0.05 10.2 ± 0.3 9.4 ± 0.5 2.0 ± 0.6 2.1 ± 0.5
3-(4′-Hydroxy-3′-methoxyphenyl)propanoic acid (Dihydroferulic acid, DHFA) 0.3 ± 0.1 0.25 ± 0.06 7.6 ± 0.4 8.4 ± 0.6 2.2 ± 0.6 1.8 ± 0.3
3-(3′-Hydroxy-4′-methoxyphenyl) propanoic acid (Dihydroisoferulic acid, DHiFA) 0.07 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.02 7 ± 1 7 ± 1 0.5 ± 0.2 0.6 ± 0.2
3-(3′,4′-Dimethoxyphenyl)propanoic acid (Dihydrodimethoxycinnamic acid) 0.11 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 4 ± 1 10 ± 4 1.2 ± 0.1 1.3 ± 0.1
3-(3′-Hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid-4′-sulfate
(DHCA-4′-sulfate)		 0.34 ± 0.09 0.33 ± 0.07 7.9 ± 0.5 8.4 ± 0.6 2.3 ± 0.5 2.1 ± 0.4
3-(3′-Methoxyphenyl)propanoic acid-4′-glucuronide (DHFA-4′-glucuronide) 0.13 ± 0.03 0.12 ± 0.02 8.7 ± 0.6 8.7 ± 0.6 1.1 ± 0.3 0.8 ± 0.1
3-(4′-Methoxyphenyl)propanoic acid-3′-glucuronide (DHiFA-3′-glucuronide) 0.06 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.03 9.0 ± 0.6 8.1 ± 0.8 0.6 ± 0.4 0.7 ± 0.4
3-(3′-Methoxyphenyl)propanoic acid-4′-sulfate(DHFA-4′-sulfate) 0.19 ± 0.08 0.17 ± 0.05 8.1 ± 0.4 8.4 ± 0.6 1.5 ± 0.7 1.1 ± 0.3
3-(4′-Methoxyphenyl)propanoic acid-3′-sulfate(DHiFA-3′-sulfate) 0.04 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.06 7 ± 1 11.6 ± 3.2 0.3 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.5
Feruloylglycine Traces b Traces b 7 ± 1 8.4 ± 0.6 0.029 ± 0.007 0.026 ± 0.004
Other microbial metabolites
4′-Hydroxy-3′-methoxyphenylacetic acid 0.14 ± 0.06 0.12 ± 0.05 7 ± 4 4 ± 3 1.4 ± 0.9 1.5 ± 0.8
4′-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid 2 ± 1 7 ± 3 2 ± 2 0.6 ± 0.1 2 ± 1 36 ± 23
3′-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid 0.20 ± 0.07 0.15 ± 0.05 8 ± 2 5 ± 1 2.6 ± 0.9 1.6 ± 0.6
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid 1.1 ± 0.2 1.6 ± 0.4 7 ± 3 7 ± 2 9 ± 2 14 ± 4
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid 0.09 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 7 ± 2 5 ± 3 0.9 ± 0.2 0.5 ± 0.2
3-Hydroxybenzoic acid 0.08 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.03 8 ± 1 * 4 ± 1 * 0.7 ± 0.3 0.8 ± 0.3
4′-Hydroxyhippuric acid 0.08 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 12 ± 3 8 ± 2 1.2 ± 0.2 1.3 ± 0.2
3′-Hydroxyhippuric acid 1.1 ± 0.3 1.3 ± 0.2 10.0 ± 0.4 9.2 ± 0.5 10 ± 3 13 ± 3

Values are means ± SEM (n = 9). * p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01 week 0 vs. week 8. Cmax, maximum plasma concentration; Tmax, time to reach the maximum plasma concentration; AUC0–24h, area under the curve. a Range where the metabolite showed the highest value. b At trace levels, pharmacokinetic parameters were not determined.