Table 3.
Amount of fecal metabolites excreted at 0 h and 24 h after consumption of the GCPE nutraceutical at the baseline (week 0) and the end of the intervention (week 8).
| 0 h (µmol/g) | 24 h (µmol/g) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolite | Week 0 | Week 8 | Week 0 | Week 8 |
| Intestinal absorption | ||||
| 5-Feruloylquinic acid | 0.0009 ± 0.0007 | 0.002 ± 0.002 | 0.002 ± 0.001 | 0.0003 ± 0.0003 |
| 3-Feruloylquinic acid | 0.003 ± 0.003 | 0.0010 ± 0.0007 | 0.003 ± 0.003 | 0.003 ± 0.002 |
| 4-Feruloylquinic acid | N.D. | 0.001 ± 0.001 | N.D. | 0.0004 ± 0.0004 |
| 3′,4′-Dihydroxycinnamic acid (Caffeic acid, CA) | N.D. | 0.003 ± 0.002 | 0.0003 ± 0.0003 | 0.003 ± 0.003 |
| 4′-Hydroxy-3′-methoxycinnamic acid (Ferulic acid, FA) | 0.005 ± 0.002 | 0.009 ± 0.003 | 0.011 ± 0.007 | 0.019 ± 0.007 |
| 4′-Hydroxycinnamic acid (Coumaric acid, CoA) | N.D. | 0.006 ± 0.004 | 0.002 ± 0.002 | 0.003 ± 0.001 |
| TOTAL—Intestinal metabolites | 0.009 ± 0.004 | 0.022 ± 0.007 | 0.017 ± 0.008 | 0.028 ± 0.009 |
| Colonic absorption | ||||
| 3-(3′,4′-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (Dihydrocaffeic acid, DHCA) | 0.011 ± 0.007 | 0.005 ± 0.002 | 0.008 ± 0.006 | 0.0001 ± 0.0001 |
| 3-(4′-Hydroxy-3′-methoxyphenyl)propanoic acid (Dihydroferulic, DHFA) | 0.013 ± 0.004 | 0.018 ± 0.003 | 0.019 ± 0.007 | 0.014 ± 0.003 |
| 3-(4′-Hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (Dihydrocoumaric acid, DHCoA) | 0.005 ± 0.003 | 0.006 ± 0.006 | 0.005 ± 0.005 | 0.014 ± 0.005 |
| 3-(3′-Hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (Dihydroisocoumaric acid, DHiCoA) | 0.21 ± 0.07 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.24 ± 0.07 | 0.25 ± 0.07 |
| 5-Dihydrocaffeoylquinic acid | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.02 |
| TOTAL—Colonic metabolites | 0.28 ± 0.07 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.33 ± 0.08 | 0.36 ± 0.08 |
| Other microbial metabolites | ||||
| 3′,4′-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | 0.010 ± 0.008 |
| 4′-Hydroxy-3′-methoxyphenylacetic acid | 0.007 ± 0.005 | 0.0006 ± 0.0006 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.003 ± 0.003 |
| 3′-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid | 0.31 ± 0.09 | 0.18 ± 0.08 | 0.21 ± 0.08 | 0.11 ± 0.04 |
| 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid | 0.016 ± 0.006 * | 0.026 ± 0.008 * | 0.018 ± 0.005 | 0.04 ± 0.01 |
| 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.006 ± 0.006 | 0.09 ± 0.05 | N.D. |
| 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid | 0.004 ± 0.004 | 0.006 ± 0.004 | 0.0006 ± 0.0004 | 0.01 ± 0.01 |
| 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid | 0.03± 0.02 | 0.020 ± 0.008 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.020 ± 0.007 |
| TOTAL—Other microbial metabolites | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.24 ± 0.09 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.19 ± 0.07 |
| TOTAL Colonic + other microbial met. | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 |
| TOTAL INTESTINAL + COLONIC + OTHERS | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 |
Values are means ± SEM (n = 9). * p < 0.05 week 0 vs. week 8. N.D.: Not detected.