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. 2022 Jun 10;9:897150. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.897150

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Copyright © 2022 Ivanovska, Wang, Arshaghi, Shaw, Alves, Byrne, Butterworth, Chandler, Cuddy, Dunne, Guerin, Harry, McAlindan, Mullins and Barry.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Therapeutic mechanisms of action of mesenchymal stromal cells. MSCs are defined by their ability for self-renewal, proliferation and undergo tri-lineage differentiation into adipogenic, chondrogenic and osteogenic lineages. They contribute to tissue repair via multiple proposed mechanisms of actions. These include a direct contribution to tissue repair via engraftment and cell differentiation but also immunomodulation of host immune system by counteracting the pro-inflammatory cascades and establishing an anti-inflammatory micro-environment for tissue healing and secretion of extracellular vesicles and soluble factors responsible for intracellular communication with target cells. Treg, regulatory T cell; M1, macrophage type 1; M2, macrophage type 2. Figure created with BioRender.com.