Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants according to calcium supplement prescription before and after propensity score matching.
| Calcium Supplements (n = 8273) |
Control (n = 1,044,985) |
SMD | Calcium Supplements (n = 8271) |
Control (n = 82,103) |
SMD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 61.5 ± 10.3 | 59.7 ± 9.1 | 0.198 | 61.5 ± 10.3 | 62.0 ± 9.2 | 0.054 |
| Sex | 0.402 | 0.090 | ||||
| Male | 1769 (21.4) | 121,516 (11.6%) | 1767 (21.4) | 15,423 (18.8) | ||
| Female | 8522 (78.6) | 923,469 (88.4%) | 6504 (78.6) | 66,680 (81.2) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.9 ± 3.3 | 24.0 ± 3.2 | 0.031 | 23.9 ± 3.3 | 24.0 ± 3.2 | 0.031 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 3.2 ± 1.7 | 1.7 ± 1.6 | 0.937 | 3.2 ± 1.7 | 3.2 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Never smoker | 6885 (83.2) | 923,266 (88.4) | 6884 (83.2) | 68,301 (83.2) | ||
| Former smoker | 609 (7.4) | 50,429 (4.8) | 0.254 | 609 (7.4) | 6323 (7.7) | 0.024 |
| Current smoker | 779 (9.4) | 71,290 (6.8) | 0.194 | 778 (9.4) | 7479 (9.1) | 0.020 |
| Walking days per week (days) | 2.5 ± 2.6 | 2.7 ± 2.6 | 0.077 | 2.5 ± 2.6 | 2.5 ± 2.6 | <0.001 |
| Osteoporosis | 5586 (67.5) | 210,985 (20.2) | 1.160 | 5584 (67.5) | 53,367 (65.0) | 0.062 |
| Dyslipidemia | 3744 (45.3) | 327,472 (31.3) | 0.330 | 3742 (45.2) | 35,305 (43.0) | 0.049 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables or n (percentage) for categorical variables. SMD, standardized mean difference; BMI, body mass index.