Table 7.

Potential mechanism of core herbs included in this review.

First Author (Year)	EAHM (Latin Name)	Target Cell Line or Animal Model	Possible Active Ingredients	Possible Mechanisms
Sui (2013) [109]	Rehmanniae Radix Recens	-UVB ray treated mice	Radix Rehmanniae polysaccharides	-Enhancing serum IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 levels -Enhancing skin GSH, SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px activities -Decreasing skin MDA level
Ma (2016) [110]	Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix	-lipopolysaccharide-stimulated THP-1 macrophages	Tanshinone IIB, Danshixinkun B, Danshenol A, Arucadiol, Tanshindiol C, Salviolone, and Sugiol	-Inhibiting the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8
Yu (2017) [111]	Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma	-human monocyte model THP-1 -AD-like skin lesion model mice	Isoliquiritigenin	-Suppressing the up-regulation of CD86 and CD54 and abolished the DNCB-induced p38-α and ERK activation -Suppressing the DNCB-induced IgE and Th2 cytokines up-regulation -Inhibiting DNCB-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 as well as IL-4 expressions
Yun (2013) [112]	Moutan Radicis Cortex	-stimulated with LPS in cultured HGFs	Paeonol, Paeoniflorin	-Inhibiting a wide variety of activations of inflammation-related genes
Kim (2007) [113]	Lithospermi Radix	-rat peritoneal mast cells -PCA rat	Shikonin	-Inhibiting the release of histamine in a dose-dependent manner -Inhibiting the anti-DNP IgE-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction and IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α expression -Inhibiting NF-κB activation and IκB-alpha degradation
Ki (2016) [114]	Smilacis Rhizoma	-AD-like skin lesion model mice	Astilbin, Neoastilbin, Isoastilbin, Neoisoastilbin, Engeletin and Isoengeletin	-Decreasing in both Th2 and Th1 serum antibodies -Suppressing expression of IL-4, IL-13, IL-17, IL-18, TSLP, and IFN-γ genes
Zhao (2016) [115]	Radix Paeoniae Rubra	-IMQ-induced psoriasis mice	Paeoniflorin	-Inhibiting IMQ-induced psoriasis by regulating Th17 cell response and cytokine secretion via phosphorylation of Stat3.
Yang (2017) [116]	Dictamni Radicis Cortex	-DNFB-induced CD mice	Fraxinellone	-Reducing the levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-6 in inflamed tissues -Inhibiting enlargement of dorsal skin and prevented epidermal hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, and spongiotic changes in inflamed tissues -Ameliorating skin lesions such as crust, scales, incrustation and petechiae, and lowered erythema index on skin surface
Ruan (2022) [117]	Imperatae Rhizoma	-LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells	Imperphenoside A, Imperphenols B and C, Imperphenosides D-F, Imperlignanosides A-D	-Nitric oxide inhibitory effects -Restraining the phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase to down-regulate the protein expression of inflammatory cytokines such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α
Chen (2016) [118]	Hedyotidis Herba	-LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells	Total flavonoids	-Inhibiting the LPS-induced activation of NF-κB via the suppression of inhibitor of κB (IκB) phosphorylation -Reducing the phosphorylation of MAPK signaling molecules, which resulted in the inhibition of cytokine expression
Fan (2021) [119]	Isatidis Radix	-LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells	Acidic fraction	-Inhibiting the secretion of inflammatory cytokines (PGE2, IL-6, IL-1β, and NO, other than TNF-α) in a dose-dependent manner -Downregulating the expression of iNOS and COX-2 -Suppressing the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 -Reducing the translocation of NF-κB from the cytoplasm to nucleus
Wu (2020) [120]	Lonicerae Flos	-TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate)-induced ear edema mouse model -LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells	Chrysoeriol	-Lowering protein levels of phospho-p65 (Ser536), phospho-STAT3 (Tyr705), iNOS, COX-2, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α -Decreasing the production of NO and PGE2 -Inhibiting the phosphorylation of inhibitor of κB (Ser32), p65 (Ser536), and Janus kinase 2 (Tyr1007/1008) -Decreasing nuclear localization of p50, p65, and STAT3 -Down regulating mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α
Lee (2013) [121]	Sophorae Flos	-BALB/c mice	Sophoricoside	-Inhibiting the phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα/β and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in B cells -Ameliorating DNCB-induced acute and chronic contact dermatitis
Wang (2022) [122]	Scutellariae Radix	- BALB/c mice treated with DNCB to induce AD-like skin lesions	Baicalin	-Up-regulating the protein expressions of filaggrin, involucrin, and loricrin -Inhibited the inflammatory response and the activation of NF-κB and JAK/STAT pathways -Inhibiting the release of IgE, histamine, TNF-α and IL-4
Sung (2016) [123]	Forsythiae Fructus	-Dermatophagoides farinae-induced atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice	Forsythoside A, Phillyrin, Pinoresinol, Phylligenin	-Attenuating serum levels of IgE, TNF-α, and histamine -Inhibiting the expression of chemokines, cytokines, and adhesion molecules -Inhibiting the production of chemokines in TNF-α/IFN-γ-activated human keratinocytes.
Tang (2020) [124]	Spatholobi Caulis	-cell model of oxygen-glucose deprivation	Spatholobi Caulis total extract	-Decreasing the protein expression of tissue factor -Enhancing SIRT1 protein expression and reduced Ace-p65 nuclear protein expression -Promotin protein expressions of nuclear Nrf2 and total HO-1

AD: atopic dermatitis; BALB/c: Bagg And Albino/c; CAT: catalase; CD54: intercellular adhesion molecule 1; CD86: cluster of differentiation 86; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2; DNCB: 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; GSH: glutathione; GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase; HGFs: human gingival fibroblasts; HO-1: heme oxygenase-1; IFN-γ: interferon-γ; IL: interleukin; IMQ: imiquimod; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthases; JAK/STAT: Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MDA: malondialdehyde; NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB; Nrf2: nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2; PCA: Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis; PGE2: prostaglandin E2; SIRT1: sirtuin 1; SOD: superoxide dismutase; Th1: T helper cell 1; Th2: T helper cell 2; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; TSLP: thymic stromal lymphopoietin; UVB; ultraviolet B.