Table 2.
Alpha diversity by sample type and feeding group.
| Shannon Index | Observed Features | Faith Phylogenetic Diversity | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Human milk | |||
| EBF (n = 20) | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 22.9 ± 1.9 | 18.2 ± 1.5 |
| MF (n = 13) | 2.6 ± 0.3 | 29.2 ± 4.0 | 14.3 ± 1.8 |
| Breast skin | |||
| EBF (n = 20) | 3.0 ± 0.1 a | 41.9 ± 3.9 | 10.2 ± 0.4 |
| MF (n = 13) | 3.5 ± 0.3 b | 52.0 ± 6.7 | 10.1 ± 0.5 |
| Infant saliva | |||
| EBF (n = 20) | 2.1 ± 0.2 a | 25.4 ± 1.3 a | 13.8 ± 1.0 |
| MF (n = 13) | 3.1 ± 0.2 b | 36.7 ± 3.8 b | 13.6 ± 1.3 |
| Maternal saliva | |||
| EBF (n = 18) | 5.3 ± 0.1 | 152.8 ± 5.6 | 14.7 ± 0.4 |
| MF (n = 13) | 5.3 ± 0.1 | 160.6 ± 9.5 | 15.5 ± 1.0 |
| Infant stool | |||
| EBF (n = 20) | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 22.8 ± 1.5 | 6.9 ± 0.1 |
| MF (n = 12) | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 24.7 ± 1.8 | 7.3 ± 0.2 |
| Maternal stool | |||
| EBF (n = 18) | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 101.2 ± 4.9 | 12.4 ± 0.3 |
| MF (n = 13) | 4.9 ± 0.2 | 94.2 ± 6.9 | 11.9 ± 0.5 |
Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Normally distributed data were analyzed with the MIXED procedure. Non-normally distributed data were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure. Models run for human milk, breast skin, infant saliva, and infant stool included delivery mode as a covariate. Models run for maternal saliva and maternal stool included BMI at 6 wks postpartum as a covariate. a,b Values within a body site and diversity index not sharing a common superscript differ at p ≤ 0.05. EBF, exclusively breastfed; MF, mixed-fed.