Table 3.
Summary of published studies on viruses found in bat ectoparasites.
| Viruses Pathogenic to Humans with Probable Bat Origin | Possible Bat Reservoir | References | Ectoparasites Known to be Associated with Bat Species (Family/Genera) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marburg virus (MARV) |
Rousettus aegyptiacus, Rinolophus eloquens,
Hypsignathus monstrosus, Miniopterus inflatus, Epomops franqueti |
[51,85,86,87] |
Nycteribidiae: Eucampsipoda Africana, Nycteribia schmidlii, Basilia robusta, Eucampsipoda hyrtlii, Dipseliopoda biannulate, Nycteribia scissa, Nycteribia hoogstraali, penicillidia fulvida, penicillidia pachymela, Basilia tenuispina, Basilia (paracyclopodia)bouvieri Streblidae: Brachytarsina allaudi, Raymondia intermedia, Raymondia seminuda, Dipseliopoda arcuata, Raymondia tauffliebi |
[88,89,90] |
| Nipah virus (NiV) |
Pteropus lylei
Pteropus hypomelanus Pteropus vampyrus Pteropus giganteus |
[91,92,93] | Bat flies: Cyclopodia dubia, bat mites and bat bugs | [94] |
| Hendra virus (HeV) |
Pteropus alecto, Pteropus conspicillatus
Pteropus scapulatus Pteropus poliocephalus |
[64,95,96] | Nycteribiidae: Cyclopodia australis, Cyclopodia albertisii | [97] |
| Menangle virus (MenV) |
Pteropus alecto,
Pteropus conspicillatus, Pteropus poliocephalus, |
[98,99] | Nycteribiidae: Cyclopodia australis, Cyclopodia albertisii | [97] |
| Ebola virus (EBOV) |
Epomops franqueti, Hypsignathus monstrosus, Myonycteris torquata,
Eidolon helvum, Epomophorus gambianus, Micropteropus pusillus, Mops condylurus, Rousettus aegyptiacus, Rousettus leschenaultii |
[100,101] |
Eucampsipoda Africana, Nycteribia schmidlii, Basilia robusta, Eucampsipoda hyrtlii, Dipseliopoda biannulate, Basilia tenuispina
Brachytarsina allaudi, Dipseliopoda arcuate, Cyclopodia greeffi, penicillidia fulvida, Dipseliopoda setosa |
[88,89,90] |
| Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) | Pteropus spp., Saccolaimus spp., Macroderma spp., Hipposideros spp., Chaerophon spp., Tadarida spp., Chalinolobus spp., Vespedalus spp., | [102,103,104] |
Nycteribiidae: Tripselia aequisetosa, penicillidia fulvida, penicillidia pachymela, Eucampsipoda africana, Penicilidia fulvida, Nycteribia schmidlii, Basilia ansifera Streblidae: Raymondia allisoni, Raymondia alulata, Raymondia aspera, Raymondia brachyphysa, Raymondia hardyi, Raymondia huberi, Raymondia intermedia, Raymondia pagodarum, Raymondia seminuda, Raymondia setiloba, Raymondia simplex, Raymondia waterstoni, Raymondia huberi, Brachytarsina allaudi, Ascodipteron jonesi, Nycteribosca alluaudi |
[88,89,90] |
| SARS-CoV | Rhinolophus sinicus, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum | [105] | Nycteribiidae spp., Streblidae spp. | (unpublished data) |
| MERS-CoV | Pipistrellus abramus, Neoromicia zuluensis | [106,107,108] | Basilia majuscula, Nycteribia spp. | [109] |
| SARS-CoV-2 (BatCoV RaTG13)—96.2% sequence identity. |
Rhinolophus affinis | [110,111] | Ixodid bat ticks, Nycteribiinae, Brachytarsininae |
[112,113] |
The table shows viruses of probable bat origin, the bat species considered a tentative natural reservoir and the bat ectoparasite species known to associate with the listed bat species.