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Environmental factors influencing the risk of inflammatory bowel disease.
| Factors | Risk of Crohn’s Disease | Risk of Ulcerative Colitis |
|---|---|---|
| Smoking | ↑ | ↓ |
| Appendectomy over the age of 20 | Conflicting data | ↓ |
| Oral contraceptives | ↑ | |
| Antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) | ↑ | |
| Water and air pollution | ↑ | |
| Stress | ↑ | |
| Being breastfed | ↓ | |
↑—increase, ↓—decrease.
