ADRs	adverse drug reactions
AKI	acute kidney injury
ALD	alcoholic liver disease
ALI	acute lung injury
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
AP	acute pancreatitis
APAP	acetaminophen
APCs	antigen-presenting cells
AQs	anthraquinones
ARDS	acute respiratory distress syndrome
Arg-1	arginase-1
BBB	blood–brain barrier
BDNF	brain-derived neurotrophic factor
cAMP	cyclic adenosine monophosphate
CCL17	C-C chemokine ligand 17
CIA	collagen-induced arthritis
CKD	chronic kidney disease
COPD	chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
DCs	dendritic cells
DEP	diesel exhaust particles
DILI	drug-induced liver injury
DM	diabetes mellitus
DN	diabetic nephropathy
DSS	dextran sodium sulfate
EAE	experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
ECM	extracellular matrix
EMT	epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
GSIS	glucose-stimulated insulin secretion
GSK3β	glycogen synthase kinase-3beta
HDAC	histone deacetylase
HFD	high-fat diet
HMGB1	high mobility group box-1
IBDs	inflammatory bowel diseases
ICAM-1	intercellular adhesion molecule 1
IL	interleukin
IκB	inhibitor of NF-κB
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase
LC3	light chain 3
Lmp7	large multifunctional protease 7
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinases
MCAO	middle cerebral artery occlusion
MCP-1	monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
MDA	malondialdehyde
MHC II	major histocompatibility complex class II
MLCK	myosin light chain kinase
MMPs	matrix metalloproteinases
mTOR	mechanistic target of rapamycin
NAFLD	non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
NASH	nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa B
NIK	NF-κB-inducing kinase
NLRP3	NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3
OA	osteoarthritis
OGD/R	oxygen and glucose deprivation reperfusion
OVA	ovalbumin
PGE2	prostaglandin E2
PI3K	phosphoinositide 3-kinase
PPARγ	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
RA	rheumatoid arthritis
ROCK	Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinases
ROS	reactive oxygen species
SAE	sepsis-associated encephalopathy
SAP	severe acute pancreatitis
SOD	superoxide dismutase
T2D	type 2 diabetes
TGFβ	transforming growth factor-beta
Th	T helper
TLRs	Toll-like receptors
tMCAO	transient middle cerebral artery occlusion
TNFα	Tumour necrosis factor alpha
Tr1	type 1 Regulatory T
TrkB	tropomysin related kinase B
UC	ulcerative colitis
VCAM1	vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
VDAC1	voltage-dependent anion channel 1
ZO-1	Zona occludens-1
α-SMA	α-smooth muscle actin