Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of included longitudinal studies
| Reference | Source of data | Study location; type of community/ neighbourhood | Period of data collection or follow-up | Sample description: number of participants; age, mean (s.d., range); gender, %; ethnicity/race, % | Outcome measure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abada et al, 200731 | The National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY) | North America; not reported | Wave 2: 1996–1997 Wave 4: 2000–2001 |
Wave 2: n = 1111; not reported (12–13 years); male 48.4%, female 51.6%; not reported, racial minorities in census tract 9.1% Wave 4: n = 1111; not reported (16–17 years); male 48.4%, female 51.6%; not reported, racial minorities in census tract 9.1% |
Waves 2 and 4: child reported 12-item version of the CES-D |
| Basáñez et al, 201332 | Reteniendo y Entendiendo la Diversidad (RED) | North America; city | 9th grade: 2005 11th grade: 2006 |
9th grade: n = 1045; not reported (14–15 years); male 45.7%, female 54.2%; Hispanic 100% 11th grade: n = 1045; not reported (16–17 years); male 45.7%, female 54.2%; Hispanic 100% |
9th and 11th grade: child-reported 20-item version of the CES-D |
| Cerdá et al, 201133 | The Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighbourhoods Longitudinal Cohort Study (PHCDN) | North America; city | Wave 1: 1995–1997 Wave 2: 1997–2000 Wave 3: 2000–2002 |
Wave 1: n = 1517; 12.1 years (not reported, 54.1% of cohort, 12–15 years) and 15.2 years (not reported, 45.9% of cohort, 12–15 years); male 49%, female 51%; Black non-Hispanic 34%, White non-Hispanic 13.9%, Hispanic 40.4%, other 11.7% Wave 2: n = 1315; 14.2 years (not reported, 14–17 years) and 17.3 years (not reported, 14–17 years); not reported Wave 3: n = 1210; 16.8 years (not reported, 17–20 years) and 19.8 years (not reported, 17–20 years); not reported |
Waves 2 and 3: child-reported MDD instrument adapted from the DISC 4 |
| Donnelly et al, 20165 | The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth) | North America; not reported | 1999–2016 | Overall: n = 2264; 15 years; male 52%, female 48%; non-Hispanic White 23%, non-Hispanic Black 50%, non-Hispanic other 4%, Hispanic (any race) 23% | Overall: child-reported five-item version of the CES-D; six-item version of the BSI |
| Estrada-Martínez et al, 201237 | The Flint Adolescent Study | North America; city | Wave 1: 1994 Wave 5: 1999 Wave 8: 2003 |
Wave 1: n = 604; 14.8 years (0.64); male 47%, female 53%; African American 100% Wave 5: n = 604; 20 years (not reported, 19–22 years); male 47%, female 53%; African American 100% Wave 8: n = 604; 23 years (not reported, 22–25 years); male 47%, female 53%; African American 100% |
Waves 1, 5 and 8: child-reported six-item version of the BSI |
| Fredricks and Eccles, 200636 | The Maryland Adolescent Development in Context Study (MADICS) | North America; county | Wave 3: 8th grade; 1993 Wave 4: 11th grade; 1997 Wave 5: 1 year after high school; 1999 |
Overall: not reported (waves 3, 4 and 5: n = 1060, 1075 and 912, respectively); not reported (8th and 11th grades, 1 year after high school); male 49%, female 51%; African American 67%, European American 33% | Waves 3 and 4: child-reported 14-item CDI; parent-reported Child Behaviour Checklist Wave 5: child-reported six-item version of the CDI |
| Hurd et al, 201339 | The longitudinal study of factors that contribute to high school drop-out rates (title not reported) | North America; city | Waves 4–8: 1998–2003 | Overall (waves 4–8): n = 570; 17.8 years (0.65) at wave 4; male 48%, female 52%; African American or Black 100% | Waves 4–8: child-reported six-item version of the BSI |
| Lee and Liechty, 201540 | The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth) | North America; not reported | Wave 1: 1994–1995 Wave 2: approximately 1 year later |
Latin American immigrant: Wave 1: n = 1114; 16.6 years (1.6, 12–20 years); male 49.7%, female 50.3%; Hispanic or Latin American 100% Wave 2: n = 1114; not reported; male 49.7%, female 50.3%; Hispanic or Latin American 100% Latin American non-immigrant: Wave 1: n = 1564; 16.2 years (1.8, 12–20 years); male 51.2%, female 48.8%; Hispanic or Latin American 100% Wave 2: n = 1564; not reported; male 51.2%, female 48.8%; Hispanic or Latin American 100% |
Latin American immigrant and non-immigrant, waves 1 and 2: child-reported 19-item version of the CES-D |
| Solmi et al, 201741 | The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) | UK; province/county | from 1 April 1991 until child is 18 years old | Age 13 years: n = 6378; 13 years; male 49.1%, female 50.9%; White 96.2%, Black and minority ethnic 3.8% Age 18 years: n = 3231; 18 years old; male 36%, female 64%; White 96.3%, Black and minority ethnic 3.7% |
Ages 13 and 18 years: child-reported 13-item version of the S-MFQ |
| Viau et al, 201542 | Longitudinal study on French-speaking youth recruited from schools in Canada | North America; province/county | Phase 1: 2001 (6th grade) Phase 2: 8th to 11th grade Phase 3: 2007 (1-year after high school) |
Phase 1: n = 228; 12.38 years (0.42; 12 years); male 35%, female 65%; mostly White (percentage not reported) Phase 2: n = 228; 14–17 years; not reported; not reported Phase 3: n = 228; 18 years; not reported; not reported |
Phase 1: child-reported French 26-item version of the CDI Phase 3: child-reported French 20-item version of the CES-D |
| Wu et al, 201045 | China Seven Cities Study (CSCS) | Asia; city | Since 2002 at 1-year intervals (3 years of follow-up) | Overall (waves 1–3): n = 5164; 15.45 years (1.69, 11–19 years); male 48.8%, female 51.2%; Chinese 100% | Wave 3 only: child reported Chinese version of the CES-D |
| Everett, 201446 | National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth) | USA adolescents | Wave 1: 1994 Wave 3: 2001 |
Overall (waves 1–3): n = 1328; 16.2 years (not reported); male 28%, female 72%; White 75%, Latin American 12%, Black 8%, Asian 3%, other 2% | Wave 3: CES-D |
| Burton et al, 201347 | Youth recruited from adolescent medicine clinics | North America; city | Wave 1: not specified Wave 2: approximately 6 months later |
Overall (waves 1–3) for sexual minority youth: n = 55; 17.0 years (1.36); male 15%, female 85%; Black and minority ethnic 78%, White 22% | Wave 2: CES-D |
CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; MDD, major depressive disorder; DISC 4, Depression Intensity Scale Circles; BSI, Brief Symptom Inventory; CDI, Children's Depression Inventory; S-MFQ, Short Moods and Feelings Questionnaire.