Table 1.
Viola species study area (Himachal Pradesh, India), Altitudes, Nutritional profiling (Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and minerals), and antioxidant potentials.
| Sample Code | Sample Location | Species | Altitudes (m) | Mineral Nutrients (mg/kg) |
Antioxidant Activity | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fe | Mn | Zn | Cu | Mg | Ni | Na | K | Ca | DPPH IC50 (mg/mL) | ABTS IC50 (mg/mL) | ||||
| DKRV1 | Berthin, Bilaspur | V. canescens | 375 | 414.16 | 49.22 | 123.46 | 21.3 | 1878.96 | 0.00 | 391.32 | 155.4 | 1252.0 | 0.24 ± 0.01 | 0.18 ± 0.00 |
| DKRV2 | Telkar, hamirpur | V. canescens | 478 | 447.44 | 44.20 | 130.98 | 19.46 | 1851.70 | 0.00 | 424.92 | 153.8 | 1325.2 | 0.39 ± 0.04 | 0.17 ± 0.02 |
| DKRV3 | Berru, Hamirpur | V. canescens | 492 | 1406.58 | 43.68 | 135.74 | 17.6 | 1893.52 | 6.40 | 547.16 | 162.6 | 1137.8 | 0.40 ± 0.00 | 0.21 ± 0.02 |
| DKRV4 | Ghumarwin, Bilaspur | V. canescens | 699 | 1909.76 | 40.50 | 113.00 | 19 | 1861.58 | 9.06 | 341.76 | 93.9 | 845.10 | 0.31 ± 0.06 | 0.14 ± 0.05 |
| DKRV5 | Bijni, Mandi | V. canescens | 782 | 1366.32 | 34.48 | 108.40 | 23.16 | 1860.74 | 3.36 | 403.68 | 126.0 | 2817.3 | 0.36 ± 0.01 | 0.21 ± 0.01 |
| DKRV6 | Chabutra, Hamirpur | V. canescens | 787 | 1938.40 | 38.34 | 129.60 | 22.7 | 1878.40 | 7.54 | 240.32 | 126.1 | 1672.4 | 0.39 ± 0.08 | 0.06 ± 0.00 |
| DKRV7 | Paddar, Mandi | V. canescens | 793 | 418.80 | 43.86 | 173.22 | 25.02 | 1872.60 | 2.98 | 409.16 | 165.2 | 2290.8 | 0.38 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.00 |
| DKRV8 | Pandoh, Mandi | V. canescens | 858 | 1295.88 | 39.50 | 100.42 | 21.3 | 1839.68 | 5.26 | 404.36 | 123.8 | 2564.8 | 0.33 ± 0.03 | 0.29 ± 0.02 |
| DKRV9 | Batour, Mandi | V. canescens | 940 | 3840.42 | 54.74 | 105.94 | 22.7 | 2053.30 | 1.10 | 365.06 | 99.00 | 2032.0 | 0.47 ± 0.00 | 0.18 ± 0.09 |
| DKRV10 | Chauntra, Mandi | V. canescens | 1220 | 1268.02 | 20.42 | 126.36 | 23.62 | 2003.28 | 1.10 | 283.74 | 168.3 | 2248.9 | 0.32 ± 0.05 | 0.07 ± 0.002 |
| DKRV11 | Kamand, Mandi | V. pilosa | 1269 | 1858.66 | 37.82 | 118.68 | 24.56 | 2079.14 | 4.12 | 760.76 | 111.3 | 2132.0 | 0.30 ± 0.04 | 0.10 ± 0.00 |
| DKRV12 | Kullu | V. canescens | 1279 | 863.92 | 39.34 | 123.46 | 21.78 | 1856.08 | 1.86 | 1583.76 | 154.0 | 1893.7 | 0.28 ± 0.04 | 0.15 ± 0.01 |
| DKRV13 | Chandpur, Kangra | V. canescens | 1482 | 610.78 | 18.74 | 181.96 | 26.4 | 1801.26 | 0.00 | 298.48 | 133.8 | 556.86 | 0.37 ± 0.03 | 0.15 ± 0.03 |
| DKRV14 | Gulera, Chamba | V. canescens | 1639 | 660.32 | 43.68 | 120.38 | 26.86 | 1840.82 | 0.00 | 380.52 | 131.5 | 2103.4 | 0.40 ± 0.02 | 0.24 ± 0.02 |
| DKRV15 | Barot, Mandi | V. pilosa | 1829 | 545.76 | 20.58 | 139.58 | 27.8 | 1827.96 | 0.00 | 275.76 | 118.8 | 605.06 | 0.37 ± 0.02 | 0.28 ± 0.02 |
| DKRL1 | Berthin, Bilaspur | V. canescens | 375 | 3361.24 | 91.56 | 194.10 | 25.48 | 2455.92 | 0.00 | 495.8 | 173.4 | 8095.9 | 0.52 ± 0.11 | 0.59 ± 0.30 |
| DKRL2 | Telkar, hamirpur | V. canescens | 478 | 3342.66 | 82.86 | 219.90 | 23.62 | 2425.56 | 0.00 | 488.78 | 171.9 | 7640.8 | 0.97 ± 0.03 | 0.78 ± 0.39 |
| DKRL3 | Berru, Hamirpur | V. canescens | 492 | 3568.7 | 52.40 | 208.54 | 17.6 | 2021.22 | 0.00 | 242.60 | 183.4 | 7861.2 | 1.22 ± 0.25 | 0.89 ± 0.45 |
| DKRL4 | Ghumarwin, Bilaspur | V. canescens | 699 | 6085.36 | 215.78 | 238.96 | 44.46 | 1972.48 | 1.10 | 373.06 | 77.6 | 16824 | 0.96 ± 0.01 | 0.75 ± 0.38 |
| DKRL5 | Bijni, Mandi | V. canescens | 782 | 6460.04 | 94.24 | 262.76 | 29.64 | 1953.56 | 0.00 | 261.92 | 86.7 | 13070 | 0.60 ± 0.01 | 0.43 ± 0.22 |
| DKRL6 | Chabutra, Hamirpur | V. canescens | 787 | 5664.24 | 123.88 | 317.28 | 35.66 | 2366.08 | 0.00 | 377.28 | 109.6 | 13930 | 1.36 ± 0.04 | 0.76 ± 0.39 |
| DKRL7 | Paddar, Mandi | V. canescens | 793 | 5049.6 | 122.70 | 448.30 | 22.7 | 2030.84 | 0.00 | 301.44 | 106.4 | 8564.4 | 0.63 ± 0.03 | 0.54 ± 0.27 |
| DKRL8 | Pandoh, Mandi | V. canescens | 858 | 5075.14 | 73.98 | 217.60 | 19.92 | 1936.18 | 0.72 | 321.56 | 91.7 | 9065.1 | 0.73 ± 0.06 | 0.66 ± 0.33 |
| DKRL9 | Batour, Mandi | V. canescens | 940 | 4258.44 | 73.16 | 261.08 | 20.84 | 1892.24 | 3.36 | 412.86 | 104.2 | 10130 | 0.53 ± 0.03 | 0.33 ± 0.17 |
| DKRL10 | Chauntra, Mandi | V. canescens | 1220 | 4462.04 | 74.32 | 381.48 | 20.84 | 1901.00 | 2.60 | 359.14 | 111.5 | 9146.3 | 1.23 ± 0.15 | 0.39 ± 0.20 |
| DKRL11 | Kamand, Mandi | V. pilosa | 1269 | 4241.42 | 51.56 | 287.34 | 16.68 | 1895.64 | 1.48 | 390.52 | 64.9 | 14495 | 0.64 ± 0.02 | 0.92 ± 0.46 |
| DKRL12 | Kullu | V. canescens | 1279 | 1824.6 | 50.88 | 203.32 | 26.40 | 1840.68 | 2.22 | 534.06 | 137.3 | 2301.5 | 0.81 ± 0.01 | 1.09 ± 0.55 |
| DKRL13 | Chandpur, Kangra | V. canescens | 1482 | 4647.82 | 75.50 | 322.96 | 23.16 | 1858.34 | 10.2 | 410.34 | 97.0 | 13433 | 0.49 ± 0.01 | 0.23 ± 0.12 |
| DKRL14 | Gulera, Chamba | V. canescens | 1639 | 1353.16 | 116.18 | 116.54 | 25.48 | 1854.10 | 6.02 | 360.32 | 54.9 | 8621.5 | 0.59 ± 0.02 | 0.67 ± 0.34 |
| DKRL15 | Barot, Mandi | V. pilosa | 1829 | 5145.58 | 57.42 | 239.88 | 18.06 | 1841.24 | 2.60 | 370.02 | 94.5 | 11318 | 0.68 ± 0.06 | 0.44 ± 0.22 |
n = 3, Hg, Cd, As and Pb were absent in all the samples TPC—total phenolic content; TFC—total flavonoid content.