Table 3.
Antimicrobial screening of Viola species (10 mg/mL) against bacterial strains and MICs of the most effective plant extracts against Gram-positive bacterium, i.e., S. aureus MTCC96 and B. subtilis MTCC121.
| Zone of Inhibition in Radius (mm) | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flowers | DKRV1 | DKRV2 | DKRV3 | DKRV4 | DKRV5 | DKRV6 | DKRV7 | DKRV8 | DKRV9 | DKRV10 | DKRV11 | DKRV12 | DKRV13 | DKRV14 | DKRV15 a | DKRV15 b | |
| Species | V. canescens | V. canescens | V. canescens | V. canescens | V. canescens | V. canescens | V. canescens | V. canescens | V. canescens | V. canescens | V. pilosa | V. canescens | V. canescens | V. canescens | V. pilosa | V. pilosa | |
| Altitudes | 375 | 478 | 492 | 699 | 722 | 787 | 793 | 858 | 940 | 1220 | 1269 | 1279 | 1482 | 1639 | 1829 | ||
| Gram +ve bacteria | B. subtilis MTCC121 | 0 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.5 | 2.25 | 2.25 | 5.25 | 4.125 | 4.75 | 3.25 | 2.25 | 5 | 5 | 4.25 | 4.25 | 0 |
| S. aures MTCC96 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.25 | 2.25 | 2.25 | 1.75 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3.25 | 3.25 | 0 | |
| Gram -ve bacteria | S. typhimurium MTCC733 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| E. coli MTCC43 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Leaves | DKRL1 | DKRL2 | DKRL3 | DKRL4 | DKRL5 | DKRL6 | DKRL7 | DKRL8 | DKRL9 | DKRL10 | DKRL11 | DKRL12 | DKRL13 | DKRL14 | DKRL115 a | DKRL15 b | |
| Species | V. canescens | V. canescens | V. canescens | V. canescens | V. canescens | V. canescens | V. canescens | V. canescens | V. canescens | V. canescens | V. pilosa | V. canescens | V. canescens | V. canescens | V. pilosa | V. pilosa | |
| Gram + ve bacteria | B. subtilis MTCC121 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3.5 | 2 | 2.5 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2.5 |
| S. aures MTCC96 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3.5 | 2 | 2.5 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2.5 | |
| Gram − ve bacteria | S. typhimurium MTCC733 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| E. coli MTCC43 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Minimum inhibitory concentrations (mm) against Gram + bacteria | |||||||||||||||||
| Samples | DKRL1 | DKRL7 | DKRL13 | DKRL14 | DKRV7 | DKRV9 | DKRV12 | DKRV13 | |||||||||
| Species | V. canescens | V. canescens | V. canescens | V. canescens | V. canescens | V. canescens | V. canescens | V. canescens | |||||||||
| Amount | Altitudes | 375 | 793 | 1482 | 1639 | 793 | 940 | 1482 | 1639 | ||||||||
| 5 mg | B. subtilis MTCC121 | 1.25 ± 0.35 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 1.25 ± 0.35 | 1.25 ± 0.35 | 2.25 ± 0.35 | 2.12 ± 0.18 | 3.25 ± 0.35 | 1.25 ± 0.35 | ||||||||
| S. aures MTCC96 | 1.25 ± 0.35 | 1.37 ± 0.18 | 1.25 ± 0.35 | 2.25 ± 0.35 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 1.25 ± 0.35 | 1.5 ± 0.71 | 0.75 ± 0.35 | |||||||||
| 6 mg | B. subtilis MTCC121 | 4.5 ± 0.71 | 3.0 ± 0.0 | 4.25 ± 0.35 | 4.25 ± 0.35 | 5.25 ± 0.35 | 5.25 ± 0.0 | 4.75 ± 0.35 | 5.12 ± 0.18 | ||||||||
| S. aures MTCC96 | 3.0 ± 0.0 | 3.0 ± 0.0 | 4.25 ± 0.35 | 4.25 ± 0.35 | 1.25 ± 0.35 | 2.25 ± 0.0 | 2.5 ± 0.0 | 2.5 ± 0.0 | |||||||||