Figure 12.

Cell viability percentage of immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT), human amelanotic melanoma cells (A375), and human epidermoid carcinoma cells (A431) after treatment with wormwood stems extract (WS_extract) and two different Fe₂O₃ NPs obtained from this extract (WS 1_Fe₂O₃ NPs; WS 2_Fe₂O₃ NPs) at three different concentrations (150, 300, 500 µg/mL) for intervals of 24, 48, and 72 h. The viability percentage of sample-treated cells was normalized to the cell viability rate of control cells (cells without sample treatment). The data represent the mean values of three independent experiments ± standard deviation (SD). One-way ANOVA analysis was applied to determine the statistical differences followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test (* p < 0.1; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001 versus control cells).