Table 1.
Results of Structural Equation Model (Step 2)
| Without Covariates |
With Covariates |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Predictor | Estimate | 95% CI | Estimate | 95% CI |
|
| |||||
| Effects of parent cultural stress and parent depressive symptoms on family functioning | |||||
| Parent family functioning (T5) | Parent depressive symptoms (T4) | −.12** | −.21 to −.03 | −.11* | −.20 to −.02 |
| Parent cultural stress (T4) | −14*** | −.21 to −.08 | −.11*** | −.17 to −.06 | |
| Adolescent family functioning (T5) | Parent depressive symptoms (T4) | .02 | −.09 to .13 | .02 | −.09 to .13 |
| Parent cultural stress (T4) | −.32*** | −.44 to −.20 | −25*** | −.38 to −.13 | |
| Effects of family functioning, parent depressive symptoms, and cultural stress on youth outcomes | |||||
| Depressive symptoms (T6) | Parent family functioning (T5) | .01 | −.09 to .10 | .00 | −.10 to .10 |
| Adolescent family functioning (T5) | −.13† | −.29 to .02 | −.13 | −.31 to .03 | |
| Parent depressive symptoms (T4) | −.01 | −.15 to .13 | −.01 | −.15 to .13 | |
| Parent cultural stress (T4) | −.04 | −.17 to .08 | −.03 | −.16 to .09 | |
| Self-esteem (T6) | Parent family functioning (T5) | −.05 | −.12 to .05 | −.03 | −.11 to .06 |
| Adolescent family functioning (T5) | .19* | .01 to .37 | .19* | .01 to .38 | |
| Parent depressive symptoms (T4) | −.04 | −.12 to .04 | −.04 | −.12 to .05 | |
| Parent cultural stress (T4) | −.07 | −.22 to .08 | −.07 | −.23 to .09 | |
| Rule breaking (T6) | Parent family functioning (T5) | −.10 | −.22 to .02 | −.11† | −.24 to .01 |
| Adolescent family functioning (T5) | −.08 | −.19 to .04 | −.10 | −.22 to .02 | |
| Parent depressive symptoms (T4) | −.07 | −.23 to .10 | −.08 | −.23 to .09 | |
| Parent cultural stress (T4) | .01 | −.13 to .16 | .03 | −.11 to .17 | |
| Aggression (T6) | Parent family functioning (T5) | −.03 | −.10 to .05 | −.04 | −.11 to .03 |
| Adolescent family functioning (T5) | −.09 | −.20 to .02 | −.11† | −.22 to .01 | |
| Parent depressive symptoms (T4) | −.05 | −.20 to .10 | −.05 | −.19 to .09 | |
| Parent cultural stress (T4) | −.01 | −.16 to .15 | .01 | −.14 to .17 | |
| Alcohol use (T6) | Parent family functioning (T5) | .61* | .39 to .94 | .79* | .65 to .96 |
| Adolescent family functioning (T5) | .73 | .45 to 1.17 | .86 | .70 to 1.06 | |
| Parent depressive symptoms (T4) | .69 | .40 to 1.21 | .83 | .63 to 1.10 | |
| Parent cultural stress (T4) | 1.33 | .89 to 1.99 | 1.15 | .93 to 1.42 | |
| Cigarette use (T6) | Parent family functioning (T5) | .56* | .36 to .88 | .79** | .65 to .95 |
| Adolescent family functioning (T5) | .90 | .32 to 2.54 | .97 | .65 to 1.45 | |
| Parent depressive symptoms (T4) | .45* | .22 to .91 | .71** | .55 to .90 | |
| Parent cultural stress (T4) | 2.54* | 1.05 to 6.11 | 1.50** | 1.08 to 2.06 | |
Notes. We controlled for prior levels of parent depressive symptoms, parent- and adolescent-reported family functioning, and youth outcomes.
†
p < .100
*
p < .050
**
p < .010
***
p < .001.