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. 2022 May 26;14(6):1150. doi: 10.3390/v14061150

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Bradykinin and EGF treatments increase the average number of filopodia in HaCaT cells and increase infection. HaCaT cells were seeded onto coverslips and treated with 200 ng/mL bradykinin, 200 ng/mL EGF, plus virus for 15 min. Confocal microscopy images of control cells (A–E), and cells treated with bradykinin (F–J) or EGF (K–O) without virus. Cells incubated with virus alone (P–T) or with virus and bradykinin (U–Y) or EGF (Z–DD). Nuclei stained with DAPI (grey), filopodia visualized with phalloidin (green), and L1 capsid stained with H16.V5 antibody (red). All channels were merged (E,J,O,T,Y,DD). Graph representation of average filopodia numbers for control cells and cells treated with virus, bradykinin, EGF, or drug with virus (EE). Filopodia were counted using LAS X Life Science Microscope Software Platform. Statistical significance was determined by ANOVA Dunnett’s multiple comparison test (n = 45, *, p < 0.05, **, p < 0.01, ***, p < 0.001). Percent infection with or without drug treatment was measured with flow cytometry (FF). Flow cytometry data of infection in HaCaT cells with or without bradykinin and EGF. Data was taken from three individual experiments in triplicate. Statistical differences determined by ANOVA Dunnett’s multiple comparison test, (samples compared to control infection, n = 9, *** p < 0.001). Average was displayed with SEM.