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. 2022 May 31;14(6):383. doi: 10.3390/toxins14060383

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Meta-analyses of RCTs show superior antidepressant efficacy of BoNT over saline placebo injections. The forest plot shows the interaction between time (baseline vs. six weeks post-intervention) and treatment group (BoNT vs. placebo) in a combined model. All studies favor BoNT over placebo, with standard mean differences/effect sizes of Cohen’s d in a range of 0.2 to 1.86. The overall Cohen’s d of 0.98 indicates a large effect size. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [27]). Copyright 2022 Elsevier.