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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Illustration of gaze estimation model. (a) Each eye image feature (2D pupil center) corresponds to a vector which is used as the input feature to calculate the vector . Noted that is assumed as the intersection of all visual axes. (b) Flowchart of the model formulation.