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. 2022 Jun 20;15:3599–3611. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S364945

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Effect of CV extract on the production of IL-6 (A–C) and TNF-α (D–F) by RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with LPS. The cells were stimulated with various concentration of LPS alone (10, 100 and 500 ng/mL; grey bars) or with a combination of LPS and various doses of the CV extract (50, 100 and 200 µg/mL) for 24 h. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines released into the culture media were determined using ELISA assays. Data are shown as the mean ± SEM of two independent experiments with five wells in each experiment. The concentration of the cytokines was normalized to the total protein amount of the viable cell pellets. Asterisks indicate significant differences between the cells stimulated with LPS alone in comparison with the cells co-treated with the CV extract and LPS (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001).