TABLE 1.
Progress of soybean stable genetic transformation approaches for whole transgenic plants.
| Method | Explant | Genotype | Selectable marker/agent | Physical treatment | Specific chemicals in medium | Agro-strain | Available TF (%) | References |
| Agrobacterium | Immature cotyledon | PI283332 and Peking | NptII/G418 | Wounding | \ | EHA101 and LBA4404 | \ | Parrott et al., 1989 |
| Jack | Hph/Hygromycin B | Wounding | AS | EHA105 | 0.03 | Yan et al., 2000 | ||
| Jack, Williams, Ina, Macon, Dwight, and Rend | Hph/Hygromycin B | Wounding; orientation of explant (downward of the adaxial side) | AS | KYRT1 | 1.3 (1.1–1.7) (Jack) | Ko et al., 2003 | ||
| Mature cotyledonary node | Delmar, Maple Presto, and Peking | NptII/Kanamycin | \ | \ | A208 | \ | Hinchee et al., 1988 | |
| 28 genotypes | NptII/Kanamycin | Wounding and sonication | AS | KYRT1 | 1–2 | Meurer et al., 1998 | ||
| A3237 | Bar/Glufosinate | Wounding | AS, glutamine, and asparagine | EHA101 and EHA105 | 0.9 | Zhang et al., 1999 | ||
| 12 genotypes | NptII/Kanamycin | Wounding | \ | A281, C58, ACH5, and EHA105 | 0.4 (one genotype) | Donaldson and Simmonds, 2000 | ||
| Bert | Bar/Glufosinate | Wounding | AS and L-cysteine | AGL1 | 2.1 | Olhoft and Somers, 2001 | ||
| 12 genotypes | Bar/Glufosinate, Hph/Hygromycin B, and NptII/Kanamycin | Wounding | AS, D-cysteine, and other thiol compounds | AGL1, LBA4404, GV3101, EHA105, and EHA101 | \ | Olhoft et al., 2001 | ||
| 12 genotypes | Bar/Glufosinate | Wounding | AS, L-cysteine, DTT, asparagine, and glutamine | EHA101 | 2–6.3 (glufosinate) 0–2.9 (bialaphos) | Paz et al., 2004 | ||
| Williams82 | Bar/Glufosinate | Wounding | AS and L-cysteine | EHA101 | 5.9 | Zeng et al., 2004 | ||
| 5 genotypes (Chinese soybean) | Hph/Hygromycin B | Wounding | AS, Silwet L-77, and L-cysteine, asparagine, and L-pyroglutamic acid | EHA105 | 3.8–11.7 | Liu et al., 2008 | ||
| Kariyutaka | Bar/Glufosinate or Basta | Wounding (micro brush) | Silwet L-77 | EHA105 | 4.4 | Yamada et al., 2010 | ||
| PK416, JS90-41, Hara Soy, Co1, and Co2 | Hph/Hygromycin B | Sonication and vacuum infiltration, wounding (hypodermic needle) | AS, DTT, L-cysteine, and sodium thiosulfate (STS) | LBA4404, EHA101, and EHA105 | 13.3–18.6 | Arun et al., 2015 | ||
| JS-335 | Bar/Glufosinate | Sonication and vacuum infiltration | AS, DTT, L-cysteine, and STS | EHA105 | 12.6 (10.5–16.2, J8335-bar); | Hada et al., 2018 | ||
| Jack and Zhonghuang 10 | G2Epsps/Glyphosate | Sonication | Silwet L-77, AS, DTT, L-cysteine, and Na2S2O3 | Ag10 | 2.9–5.7 | Guo et al., 2015 | ||
| Jidou17 | NptII/Kanamycin | Sonication | DDT, L-cysteine, sodium thiosulfate, and α-Aminooxyacetic acid | EHA105 | \ | Zhang et al., 2016 | ||
| 7 genotypes | Bar/Glufosinate | Wounding | α-lipoic acid (α-LA), DTT, L-cysteine, AgNO3, glutamine, and asparagine | EHA101 | 14.7 | Yang J. et al., 2016 | ||
| Half-seed | Bert | Hph/Hygromycin B | Wounding | AS, DTT, L-cysteine, and STS | LBA4404 and EHA105 | 16.4 (9.4–26.2 LBA4404); 14 (9.4–26.2 EHA105) | Olhoft et al., 2003 | |
| Thorne, Williams, Williams79, and Williams82 | Bar/Glufosinate | Wounding | AS, L-cysteine, and DTT | EHA101 | 3.8 (1.4–8.7) | Paz et al., 2006 | ||
| 7 genotypes | Hph/Hygromycin B | Wounding (multi-needle) | AS, DTT, L-cysteine, and STS | LBA4404 | \ | Zhang and Xue, 2019 | ||
| 5 US (Williams82) and 5 Chinese genotypes | Bar/Glufosinate | Wounding | AS, DTT, and L-cysteine | EHA105 | 0–6.71 | Jia et al., 2015 | ||
| 7 genotypes | Bar/Glufosinate | Wounding | L-cysteine and DTT | EHA105 | 0.5 (0–0.9) | Sato et al., 2007 | ||
| 7 genotypes | Hph/Hygromycin B | Wounding (multi-needle) | AS, DTT, L-cysteine, and STS | LBA4404 | \ | Zhang and Xue, 2019 | ||
| 5 US (Williams82) and 5 Chinese genotypes | Bar/Glufosinate | Wounding | AS, DTT, and L-cysteine | EHA105 | 0–6.71 | Jia et al., 2015 | ||
| 7 genotypes | Bar/Glufosinate | Wounding | L-cysteine and DTT | EHA105 | 0.5 (0–0.9) | Sato et al., 2007 | ||
| DS97–12 | Hph/Hygromycin B | Sonication and vacuum infiltration | Polyamine (spermidine, spermine, and putrescine) | EHA105 | 29.3 | Arun et al., 2016 | ||
| Williams82 | Bar/Glufosinate | Wounding | AS, L-cysteine, and DDT | EHA101 | 1.0–3.5 (35s or NOS promoter) | Testroet et al., 2017 | ||
| 8 genotypes | Bar/Glufosinate | Wounding | AS, DDT, STS, L-cysteine, AgNO3, L-asparagine, L-pyroglutamic acid, and L-ascorbic acid | EHA101 | 7.3–10.0 | Li et al., 2017 | ||
| Jack, Williams82, Zigongdongdou, and Heihe27 | Bar/Glufosinate | Wounding | DTT, AS, L-asparagine, and L-glutamine | EHA101 | 7.6 (2.6–11.1) | Chen et al., 2018b | ||
| DS-9712 | NptII/Kanamycin | Sonication and vacuum infiltration | AS and L-cysteine | EHA105 | 14.51 | Hada et al., 2018 | ||
| PUSA 9712 | Bar/Basta | \ | SNP | EHA101 | 34.6 | Karthik et al., 2020 | ||
| Maverick and 20 proprietary elite lines | Pat/Glufosinate | Wounding | L-asparagine and L-pyroglutamic acid | EHA101 and EHA105 | 18.7 (12.1–23.0) | Pareddy et al., 2020 | ||
| whole cotyledonary node | ZhongHuang13 | NptII/Kanamycin | Wounding | L-cysteine | EHA105 | 23.1 | Zhang et al., 2014 | |
| Calluses induced from either cot-node | 5 genotypes | Bar/Glufosinate | \ | AS, DTT, L-cysteine, and STS | AGL1 | 1.3 (0.3–4.3) | Hong et al., 2007 | |
| Hypocotyls | Heinong44 | NptII/Kanamycin | \ | AS, L-cysteine, DTT, AgNO3, and STS | EHA105 | 9.3 | Wang and Xu, 2008 | |
| Embryogenic cell suspension | Chapman | Hph/Hygromycin B | Sonication | AS | EHA105 | \ | Trick and Finer, 1998 | |
| Embryogenic axes | P29T50, P33T50,93Y21, DM118, and 98C21 | SpcN/Spectinomycin | Sonication | AS and DDT | Ochrobactrum haywardense H1 | 35 | Cho et al., 2022 | |
| Biolistic method | Immature embryo axis | Williams82 and Mandarin Ottawa | NptII/Kanamycin | Electrical, arc-discharge gun/Gold particles | Plasmid DNA | Mccabe et al., 1988 | ||
| Williams82 | NptII/Kanamycin | PDS 1000/Tungsten | Plasmid DNA | Sato et al., 1993 | ||||
| Somatic embryogenic suspension | Fayette | Hph/Hygromycin B | DuPont Biolistics TM Particle Delivery System (Model BPG)/Tungsten particles | Plasmid DNA | 0.4 | Finer and Mcmullen, 1991 | ||
| Fayette | Npt II/G418 | PDS 1000/Tungsten particles | Plasmid DNA | Four plants per bombarded flask | Sato et al., 1993 | |||
| Fayette | Hph/Hygromycin B | PDS 1000/Tungsten particles | Multiple plasmid DNA | \(co-transformation) | Hadi et al., 1996 | |||
| \ | Hph/Hygromycin B | PDS 1000/Tungsten particles | Plasmid DNA | \(protocol) | Finer and Larkin, 2008 | |||
| \ | Hph/Hygromycin B | PDS 1000/Tungsten particles | Plasmid DNA | \(protocol) | Finer, 2016 | |||
| 93B86 | Hph/Hygromycin B and Als/Chlorsulfuron | PDS 1000/Gold particles | Plasmid DNA and DNA fragment | \(targeted insertion) | Li et al., 2015 | |||
| Mature embryo axis | BR-16, Doko RC, BR-91, and Conquista | AHAS/Imazapyr | HPHMAS/Tungsten | \ | Plasmid DNA | 0.1–7.8 | Aragão et al., 2000 | |
| BR-16, BR-91, Celeste, Conquista, Doko RC, Nina, Indiana, and Itaipu | AHAS/Imazapyr | PDS1000/Tungsten | Plasmid DNA | ≤0.2 (protocol) | Rech et al., 2008 | |||
| Conquista | AHAS/Imazapyr | HPHMAS/Tungsten | \ | DNA fragments | 0.8 | Vianna et al., 2011 | ||
| INCASoy-36 | Cp4epsps/Glyphosate | PDS 1000/Tungsten | Plasmid DNA | 6 | Soto et al., 2017 | |||
| Immature embryo | Maverick | Hph/Hygromycin B, DSM2/Glufosinate | Cold treatment and plasmolysis | Plasmid DNA | 2–5.5 (hph) and 1–2.7 (DSM2) | Chennareddy et al., 2018 |
(1) HPHMAS: The high-pressure helium-driven microparticle acceleration system. (2) \ means not available. (3) Protocol means the reference is a published protocol.