Table 2.
| Study | Sample & Age | Primary Task Support | Dialogue Support | System Credibility Support | Social Support | Primary Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bond et al. 2010 | N = 62 | Reduction | Reminders | Expertise | Social comparison | Positive Outcomes |
| Range: 60+ | Self-monitoring | Social role | Cooperation | |||
| Mean-Control: 68 | ||||||
| Mean-Intv: 66 | ||||||
| Brooks et al. [47] | N = 52 | Tailoring | Praise | Real-world feel | None | Positive Outcomes |
| Range: 33–76 | Personalization | Reminders | ||||
| Mean: 61 | Self-monitoring | Suggestion | ||||
| Rehearsal | Social Role | |||||
| Chen et al. [51] | N = 184 | Reduction | Reminders | Trustworthiness | Social learning | Positive Outcomes |
| Range: | Tailoring | Social Role | Authority | |||
| Mean: 51.34 | Personalization | |||||
| Self-monitoring | ||||||
| Cudney & Weinert, [35] | N = 123 | Reduction | Rewards | Trustworthiness | Social learning | Positive Outcomes |
| Range: 35–65 | Tailoring | Reminders | Real-world feel | |||
| Mean: 56.2 | Personalization | Suggestions | ||||
| Self-monitoring | Social role | |||||
| Rehearsal | ||||||
| Lorig et al. [38] | N = 855 | Reduction | Reminders | None | None | Positive Outcomes |
| Range: 22–89 | Tailoring | |||||
| Mean: 52.5 | ||||||
| Marziali, [32] | N = 18 | Tailoring | Similarity | None | None | Positive Outcomes |
| Range: | ||||||
| Mean: 60.8 | ||||||
| McKinstry et al. [50] | N = 401 | Tailoring | Praise | None | Social learning | Positive Outcomes |
| Range: 29–95 | Self-monitoring | Reminders | ||||
| Mean: 60.6 | Suggestion | |||||
| Social role | ||||||
| McMahon et al. [39] | N = 104 | Self-monitoring | Reminders | Expertise | None | Positive Outcomes |
| Range: 18+ | Authority | |||||
| Mean: 63 | ||||||
| Nguyen et al. [43] | N = 711 | Self-monitoring | None | Real-world feel | None | Positive Outcomes |
| Range: | Personalization | |||||
| Mean: 68.7 | Tailoring | |||||
| Sieber et al. [49] | N = 914 | Tunneling | Similarity | Expertise | Recognition | Positive Outcomes |
| Range: 21–96 | Tailoring | |||||
| Mean: 58 | ||||||
| Smarr et al. [36] | N = 33 | Tailoring | Reminders | Trustworthiness | Normative influence | Positive Outcomes |
| Range: | Personalization | Social Role | Expertise | Social facilitation | ||
| Mean: | Self-monitoring | Authority | ||||
| Bossen et al. [46] | N = 100 | Tailoring | Praise | None | Cooperation | Mixed Outcomes |
| Range: 50–75 | Self-monitoring | Reminders | ||||
| Mean: 62 | Personalization | Liking | ||||
| Rehearsal | Social Role | |||||
| Glasgow et al. [21] | N = 463 | Tailoring | Praise | Expertise | Social comparison | Mixed Outcomes |
| Range: 25–75 | Personalization | Reminders | Real-world feel | |||
| Mean: 58.4 | Self-monitoring | Suggestion | Verifiability | |||
| Simulation | Liking | |||||
| Social Role | ||||||
| Glasgow et al. [42] | N = 463 | Tailoring | Praise | Expertise | Social comparison | Mixed Outcomes |
| Range: 25–75 | Personalization | Reminders | Real-world feel | |||
| Mean: 58.4 | Self-monitoring | Suggestion | Verifiability | |||
| Simulation | Liking | |||||
| Social Role | ||||||
| Johnson et al. [48] | N = 20 | Reduction | Reminders | Expertise | Social learning | Mixed Outcomes |
| Range: 39–56 | Tailoring | Suggestions | Real-world feel | Recognition | ||
| Mean: 53 | Personalization | Liking | Authority | |||
| Self-monitoring | Social Role | Third-party | ||||
| Rehearsal | endorsements | |||||
| Lorig et al. [41] | N = 732 | Tailoring | Rewards | Trustworthiness | Social comparison | Mixed Outcomes |
| Age Range: | Personalization | Reminders | Expertise | Social facilitation | ||
| Mean Age: 54.3 | Self-monitoring | Authority | Recognition | |||
| Third-party | ||||||
| endorsements | ||||||
| Lorig et al. [45] | N = 254 | Self-monitoring | None | Expertise | Social facilitation | Mixed Outcomes |
| Range: | Personalization | Trustworthiness | ||||
| <40: 15.6 % | Tailoring | |||||
| 41–55: 40.9 % | ||||||
| 56–70: 36.2 % | ||||||
| >71:8.3 % |